摘要
Resolution Copper矿是亚利桑那州一个拟建的地下矿山,由力拓和必和必拓共同拥有,位于地表以下近2100米处,是全球最大的未开发铜矿之一。该项目采用自然崩落法开采,经过10多年的可行性研究。在采矿岩石力学方面,通过原位岩体分级IRMR和岩体强度分析,得出了一系列岩石力学参数。然而,深部开采面临通风、地下水和高温等挑战,尤其是地下水温高达80°C,需要升级通风和冷却系统。矿山正在使用自动化技术应对这些挑战。
正文
Resolution Copper mine是一个拟建的地下矿山,位于亚利桑那州凤凰城以东60英里处,靠近Superior镇。这是一家合资企业,由力拓(Rio Tinto,55%)和必和必拓(BHP,45%)共同拥有,矿床位于地表以下近2100米处。据估计,Resolution 矿床的平均铜品位为1.5%,自发现 Resolution 铜矿以来,该项目已开发了近二十年,它是世界上最大的未开发铜矿项目之一,一旦投入运营,它有望成为北美最大的铜矿,产量可达美国铜年需求量的25%,预计矿山寿命为40年。
使用【FLAC3D和3DEC中Hoek-Brown准则参数的自动计算】和【三轴试验数据拟合Hoek-Brown准则的简洁方法(Best-Fit of Triaxial Lab Data)】的算法估算其它数值模拟需要的参数,以第一行的岩石(diabase, Basalt)为例,推导的其它岩石力学参数如下:
(1) 抗拉强度为0.14MPa
(2) 单轴抗压强度为4.1MPa
(3) 岩体变形模量为7738.39MPa
(4) 粘结力4.3MPa
(5) 内摩擦角28.8°
的两个矿山,每天的正常涌水量达14万立方米,最大涌水量可达每天21万立方米,正常生产排水每天1200立方米。
Resolution Copper在2200m深处的地下温度为80°C,在如此高温的环境下采矿,既要保证工人足够安全,又要保证设备可靠运行,因此通风和降温是非常大的挑战。目前矿山正在使用Rockwell Automation公司的自动化技术升级改造通风和冷却系统,Rockwell是美国一家工业自动化和数字化转型技术供应商。
[1] (2008) Panel caving at the Resolution copper project.
[2] (2012) Progress and challenges in some areas of deep mining.
[3] (2013) Interaction between block caving and rock slope deformation kinematics as a function of cave position and orientation of discontinuities.
[4] (2016) Development and evaluation processes of cave production schedules for the Resolution Copper project.
[5](2017) Assessment of Surface Subsidence Associated with Caving Resolution Copper Mine Plan of Operations.
[6] (2018) Resolution Copper Project & Land Exchange Environmental Impact Statement - Geologic Data and Subsidence Modeling Evaluation Report.
[7] (2018) Subsidence Impact Analysis - Sensitivity Study | Assessment of Surface Subsidence Associated with Caving Resolution Copper Mine Plan of Operations.
[8] (2018) Subsidence Impact Analysis - Sensitivity Study Addendum to Itasca Report “Assessment of Surface Subsidence Associated with Caving - Resolution Copper Mine Plan of Operations”
[9] (2019) Assessment of Potential for Caving-Induced Fault Slip Seismicity at Resolution Copper Mine.
[10] (2019) Empirical Analysis of Surface Subsidence Associated with Caving Resolution Copper Mine Plan of Operations.
[11] (2020) Literature Review to Identify Techniques for Mining Method Selection Resolution Copper EIS.