1 引言
在山区开挖隧道除了考虑隧道本身的稳定性之外,还需考虑隧道口的边坡稳定性问题。对于土质边坡,隧道口边坡的不稳定大都与持续降雨有关,由于隧道上方土层受雨水浸泡,导致土质松软然后在自重作用下失稳滑坡,例如【隧道口边坡滑坡(Tunnel Portal Landslide)案例---博卢山隧道】;而对于岩质边坡,隧道口边坡的不稳定大都与岩体构造有关,例如断层,节理或者深的风化带。本文描述了近期墨西哥一条在建高速公路隧道口边坡稳定性的案例。
2 地质概况
该地区位于横新火山轴内,由火成岩结构和火山沉积物沉积物形成,从上新世晚期到全新世,年龄从安山岩、玄武岩到流纹岩不同成分的岩石,该地区还受到法向断层和横向运动的影响。
3 滑坡风险
由于露天开挖,隧道口附近的边坡从山体顶部开始发生了大量岩石滑动。根据地质调查,发现边坡破坏是由地质断层的重新激活引起的。随着岩石的不断滑动,隧道口也开始出现破坏,这个岩土工程问题的复杂性在于边坡一直在运动,其移动速度与该地区的雨季密切相关。此外,隧道口的开挖扰动了岩体的平衡状态,所有这些综合因素表明,施工现场处于高风险之中,使用常规方法不可能稳定滑坡和阻止隧道口破坏。
4 解决方案
解决思路是将隧道,隧道口的开挖部分和滑坡区域与周围的岩体链接起来,形成一个整体,解决方案是在滑坡一侧的隧道旁建造大型混凝土排桩墙,联合使用锚索支护岩体,如下图所示。
混凝土排桩墙加锚索的解决方案虽然不是最便宜的,但从长期来看还是合适的方案,一方面,这种“主动支护”能够稳定岩体的移动,另一方面便于恢复露天开挖的山体。
5 隧道口不稳定性研究
(2010) Assessment of the dynamic stability of the portals of the Dorukhan tunnel using numerical analysis
(2017) Tunnel Portal Construction using Sequential Excavation Method: A Case Study
(2019) Tunnel Portal Instability In Landslide Area And Remedial Solution: A Case Study
(2019) Safety Assessment of Tunnel Portals for Site Selection Based on Spatial Information Geoprocessing
(2021) Study on Stability of Tunnel Portal Section Based on Strength Reduction Shortest Path Method
(2021) Analysis on excavation stability of tunnel portal with different design methods
(2022) Tunnelling-induced landslides: Trigging mechanism, field observations and mitigation measures
(2) Geotechnical investigations and remediation design for failure of tunnel portal section: a case study in northern Turkey
(3) Landslide of Tunnel Face by Slip Circle Formation - Case Study
(4) The collapse of the Dehdasht-Pataveh tunnel portal in Iran
(5) Analysis and Treatment of Landslide at the Tunnel Portal in Nanjing Road
(6) Research on the Deformation Mechanisms of a Tunnel-Landslide System based on the Point Safety Factor of the Interface
(7) Landslide hits tunnel portal at Arun-3 in Nepal
(8) Study on Collapse Mechanism and Treatment Measures of Portal Slope of a High-speed Railway Tunnel