1 引言
在1988年左右,全球最深的地下矿山开采深度大约是1.5km(位于南非),当时中国地下开采深度最深的矿山是位于辽宁省的红透山铜矿,开采深度接近900m。进入21世纪后,随着机械化程度的快速发展、采矿技术的不断进化以及人类现代化生活对金属的无限贪婪,地下开采速度变得越来越快,导致开采深度越来越深。目前全球开采最深的矿山是南非的Mponeng Gold Mine,开采深度4km;加拿大第二最深的矿山Kidd Creek Mine开采深度为3km,2021年的世界排名仅排第15名【19个全球最深的地下矿山(开采深度均超过2千米)】。
尽管每个深部开采的矿山条件各不相同,但它们都面临着差不多相同的难题:运输提升、地压和岩爆以及温度。本文回顾了Kidd Creek Mine的采矿方法、地压控制和岩石工程参数。
2 采矿方法
(1983) Backfill practice and technology at Kidd Creek Mines
(1988) Use of fly ash in backfill at Kidd Creek Mines
(1989) Some factors relating to the stability of consolidated rockfill at Kidd Creek
(1989) Mining with backfill at Kidd Creek No. 2 mine
(1995) Consolidated rockfill
(1996) Consolidated rockfill optimizatiom at Kidd Creek Mines
(2000) Paste backfill study for deep mining at Kidd Creek
Kidd Creek矿的CRF主要使用小于15cm的破碎安山岩作为骨料,占重量的5%,CRF龄期为28天,原位测试获得的平均变形模量为2.28~3.38GPa,单轴抗压强度为6.07MPa。
(1979) CANMET'S rock-mechanics research at the Kidd Creek Mine
(1980) Ground control at Kidd Creek mine
(1981) Sublevel stoping at Kidd Creek Mines
(1987) Field stresses at the Kidd Creek Mine
(1993) The development of new blast damage criteria for blasthole mining operations
(1992) Rock Mechanics Aspects on Sill Pillar Recovery at Kidd Creek Mines
(1997) Kidd Creek risk assessment - summary of phase 1~6
(2014) Kidd Mine – dealing with the issues of deep and high stress mining – past, present and future
(2017) Strain and rock bursting at Kidd Creek: support response and recent work on damage measurement systems
(2017) Ground support survivability under seismic loading, observations from Kidd Creek
4 岩石工程参数