文章以导弹燃气舵的制造展开,航天科工三院高级技术人员表示,采用传统技术制造一个燃气(方向)舵往往需要数十名技术人员和工人花费一到两个月才能完成,且涉及铸造和焊接等一系列工序。燃气舵位于导弹尾部发动机之后,通过改变发动机燃气流产生改变导弹飞行姿态的侧向控制力。然而,该部件只是导弹上面的一个小部件,因此可以想象,以传统方式制造一整枚巡航导弹需要多少人力和时间。
如今不同的是,该院通过采用3D打印技术,几个工人一周内就能造出一个方向舵。相关负责人指出,3D打印技术因此节省了大量劳动力、时间和成本,在产品重量和精度控制方面,也比机械加工要好得多。以往采用机械加工手段制造的方向舵表面粗糙,需要工人使用机器和大量时间来打磨,在此过程中,很大一部分金属被切掉和浪费。相比之下,3D 打印的零件表面非常光滑,仅带有少量的加工余量——这意味着零件几乎可以直接安装在导弹上。
“多亏了3D打印技术,我们的生产效率和质量有了很大的提高。”
该院增材制造技术创新中心一工程师表示,在制造大型导弹部件时,3D打印使原材料的利用率提高了数十倍,而且产品具有更高的结构强度和更好的合格率。他表示,航天科工三院是中国航天工业3D打印技术的最大用户,技术人员正在利用该技术制造许多巡航导弹部件,如发动机和机身面板。
与此同时,增材制造技术中心与该院武器装备设计部门合作,将3D打印技术直接引入到新型导弹的设计中。“设计师可以考虑哪些组件适合‘打印’,这项技术可以给工程师更多的想象和创新空间,让他们能够设计出传统方法难以制造但3D打印容易制造的先进、复杂的组件,毫不夸张地说,3D打印技术将彻底改变导弹的设计工作。”
国庆阅兵期间的武器装备
国防工业军事观察员吴培鑫表示,未来很可能会将3D打印机带到战场,让士兵可以根据需要在现场打印和组装导弹。美国和澳大利亚的地面部队已经展示了使用SPEE3D和Markforged等的特定于战场的技术和系统。
随着我国国防战略全面转型,航空航天装备升级换代节奏有望加快,航空航天零部件制造正处上升期。随着国家“十四五”规划重点内容将围绕新一代航空装备、精确打击武器、无人装备及信息化装备为重点,新一代航空航天装备及精确打击武器将进入批量装备阶段。
在导弹研发和制造方面,3D打印独特的轻量化制造特点能够提升导弹的使用效益。根据解 放 军报信息,3D打印导弹与传统制造方法相比,不仅能够降低成本,还能极大缩短导弹零部件的设计和更新时间。有资料显示,国内外都正在研究将3D打印用于巡航导弹等高超声速武器所使用的超燃冲压发动机关键零部件的制造。3D打印技术还能够解除弹头制造中的各种限制,可以改善导弹的热力学性能并尝试之前无法使用的设计。雷神、洛克希德•马丁等公司早在2016年就已尝试通过3D打印寻找新的导弹部件制造方法,根据公开资料信息,导弹弹头减重1KG,可增加12至15km的射程。因此认为3D打印对导弹性能具有明显提升,在该领域需求有望持续提升。
3D打印用于巡航导弹高超声速武器所使用的超燃冲压发动机关键零部件制造
根据国防部信息,2021年上半年全军基础训练强度明显增大,弹药消耗大幅增加,采购量也有望持续上升。去年8月,我国导弹武器系统研制、生产单位和空天防御事业发展的领军单位——中国航天科工集团二院第二总体设计部发布消息称,实现了某型飞行器产品复杂结构的3D打印集成制造,并指出这是3D打印技术在航天领域飞行器研制中的重要里程碑,进一步提升了飞行器轻量化水平,为未来新一代飞行器发展提供了有力支撑。
中国航天科工集团二院二部实现某型飞行器产品复杂结构3D打印集成制造。 图片来源:中国航天科工集团二院二部
二部专家介绍,航天飞行器产品结构零部件多,生产周期长、成本高。此前,一套复杂结构产品的部件常常由数十个零件组成,每个零件都要建立三维模型并设计“个性化”的工艺流程,随后在数字机床上逐一进行生产加工,生产周期往往按月计算。同时,由于“车铣刨磨”等传统机加工艺的限制,要让飞行器“瘦身减肥”很困难,直接影响飞行器的性能提升。有时候,结构设计师为了减少几克的重量也是煞费苦心。如今,通过3D打印技术实现面向增材制造的一体化结构设计与制造,可使复杂部件的零件数大幅减少,通过一体化三维建模后导入3D打印机中直接成型,一台打印机可实现多个零件的同时打印,制造时间从几个月缩短到十余天。同时,随着零件数量的减少,部件装配环节也更简化, 结构可靠性和装配效率大幅提升。
航天科工三院增材制造技术创新中心的工程师还表示,3D打印技术在该院无人机生产方面也具有巨大潜力。我国翼龙无人机上面就有多个3D打印的零件应用。
翼龙无人机上面就有多个3D打印的零件应用
随着需求量的增加,以及军民融合改革的深入推进,一些制造需求将进一步释放到上游民营企业。2025年服务于中国航空航天等领域的金属3D打印装备将超六百台。在以技术革新追求大规模生产前,3D打印通常仅在产量较低时具有经济性,因此适合定制化、设计快速迭代的小批量制造。伴随着设备、材料、服务供应商技术不断突破,3D打印开始逐步在大规模生产上具有经济性,具有大规模生产能力的“增材制造2.0”将使3D打印迎来一个高速发展的十年。
英文原文如下:
3D printing speeds up production of missiles
向上滑动阅览
China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, the nation's largest missile maker, is taking advantage of additive manufacturing technology, commonly known as 3D printing, to accelerate the design and production of cruise missiles, engineers said.
"It takes about one to two months for dozens of technicians and workers to manufacture a gas rudder (used on a cruise missile) with traditional machining methods because it involves a succession of processes like casting and welding," said Zhang Chunhu, a senior technician at CASIC's Third Academy. "And a rudder is only a small part on a missile, so you can imagine how much manpower and time it takes to build a whole cruise missile by traditional means.
"But now, with 3D printing technology, a handful of workers can make a rudder within a week. The 3D-printing-enabled procedure can save us a great deal of labor, time and cost, and is much better than mechanical machining when it comes to weight and accuracy control for our products."
Zhang said a mechanically made rudder has rough surfaces that require workers to use machines and a lot of time to smooth them, and during that process, a large proportion of metal is chopped off and wasted. By comparison, a 3D printed one has very smooth surfaces with a tiny amount of redundant material-usually just a few grams-which means it is almost ready for installation on a missile.
"Thanks to 3D printing technology, our production efficiency and quality have substantially improved," Zhang said.
Jiao Shikun, an engineer at the academy's Technological Innovation Center for Additive Manufacturing, said 3D printers have enabled workers to increase the raw material utilization rate by dozens of times when it comes to manufacturing large missile components. The "printed" products have higher structural strength and a better pass rate, he added.
He said CASIC's Third Academy is the largest user of 3D printers in China's aerospace industry, and its technicians are using the technology to make many cruise missile parts such as engines and fuselage panels.
Zhang and Jiao said they will cooperate with weapons designers at the academy to introduce 3D printing technology in the design of new missiles.
"Designers can consider which components are suitable to be 'printed'. This technology can give engineers more space for imagination and innovation and allow them to design advanced, sophisticated components that would be difficult for traditional methods to manufacture but easy for 3D printers," Zhang said. "It is no exaggeration to say that 3D printing technology will revolutionize the design work of missiles."
The technology also has huge potential in the academy's production of unmanned aircraft, he said.
Wu Peixin, a defense industry observer in Beijing, said it is likely that in the future, 3D printers will be taken to the battlefield to allow soldiers to print and assemble missiles on the spot based on their needs.
China's aviation and space industries have used 3D printers widely on their production lines. Chinese scientists also carried out space-based 3D printing experiments on the country's new-generation manned spacecraft during its first flight test in May 2020.