1 引言
有同学问到了如何模拟膨胀土的体积应变。膨胀土(expansive soil)的特征是在变化的湿度条件下显示出明显的体积变化,这些体积变形通常会导致在其上的浅层地基发生不同程度的移动。另外,膨胀性粘土会对挡土结构的背面造成非常大的侧向压力(2006, USDOT, SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS Reference Manual, FHWA NHI-06-089),因此,如果在设计过程中没有采取特别的措施,就会发生结构破坏。对膨胀土最新的总结参看(2022) SOIL MECHANICS (DM 7.1),在实践中,评价膨胀土的指标是膨胀势(Swelling potential),例如Seed等人(1962) 在粘土含量8%到65%的土中,利用塑性指数PI建立膨胀势Sp:
Chen (1988) 基于321个未扰动的试样,使用塑性指数PI建立了如下的关系式:
2 Plaxis Barcelona模型
Plaxis2D和3D有一个专门用于模拟膨胀土的用户定义的本构模型,称之为"Barcelona Basic model"(swell64.dll),这个模型用来模拟粘土由于湿陷而产生的不可逆的体积减少行为(2016, Numerical simulation of a trial wall onexpansive soil in Sudan)。Plaxis也有一个"Swelling Rock Model",不过这个模型主要用来模拟膨胀岩的力学行为。
3 FLAC3D Swell模型
FLAC3D也有一个专门模拟膨胀土的模型,称之为Swell Model(zone cmodel assign swell),这个模型在【二维有限元分析软件ADONIS新功能评述】中有详细描述。FLAC3D参考:
(1) Swell Model
(2) Single Zone Swell Test
(3) Single Zone Uniaxial and Simple Shear Test
4 参考
(1988) Soil Consistency And Swell Potential Using Static Cone Penetration Machines
(1997) ACI 360R-92 Design of Slabs on Grade
(2002) Research of soil–water characteristics and shear strength features of Nanyang expansive soil
(2010) AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
(2011) Use of Wicking Fabric to Help Prevent Differential Settlements in Expansive Soil Embankments
(2012) NYSDOT Geotechnical Desing Manual
(2012) Improvement of strength of expansive soil with waste granulated blast furnace slag
(2012) Application of framework technology in expansive soil cutting slope protection
(2013) Lateral Extension of Slopes in Expansive Soils
(2013) Physical Model Tests of Expansive Soil Slope
(2015) Numerical analysis of slope stability in expansive soil
(2016) Investigation of Expansive Soil for Design of Light Residential Footings in Melbourne
(2017) Laboratory study of steel slag used for stabilizing expansive soil
(2022) SOIL MECHANICS (DM 7.1)