土耳其M7.4级地震后的岩土地震工程研究回顾(Kocaeli, Turkey, 1999)

1 引言

2 土耳其地震历史

(6) Adapazari earthquake (1999) - M6.0, 144人死亡

(7) Düzce earthquake (1999) - M7.2, 845人死亡

(8) Kocaeli Earthquake (1999) - M7.4, 17,000人死亡

近期，2021年2月26日，土耳其东部的埃拉泽省(Elazig)发生了M6.0级地震，造成大面积破坏，41人死亡。1,600多人受伤，许多建筑物被摧毁或严重损坏。

3 Dr. Bray的研究工作

1999年8月17日，土耳其的马尔马拉(Marmara)地区发生了致命的M7.4级地震，震中位于伊兹密特市(İzmit)的科贾埃利(Kocaeli)，在伊斯坦布尔东约100km处，这次地震造成了巨大的破坏和生命损失，超过17,000人死亡，50,000多人受伤，数十万人无家可归，对伊斯坦布尔(Istanbul)和阿达帕扎里市(Adapazarı)的建筑和基础设施造成了巨大的破坏。

这次地震发生后，许多研究者进行了相关的岩土地震工程研究，其中最显著的是UC Berkeley的Dr. Bray【2022 Bolton Seed Lecture---Jonathan Bray[液化引起建筑物的沉降估算]】, 他和合作者的研究工作包括：

(1999) Geotechnical Aspects of the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake

(1999) Zero-Displacement Lateral Spreads, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, Earthquake

(1999) Preliminary Report on the Geotechnical Engineeering Aspects of the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake

(2000) guidance and recommendation for the Izmit Bay Crossing Project, Turkey

(2000) Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake of August 17, 1999 Reconnaissance Report

(2001) Ground Failure In Adapazari, Turkey

(2001) Documenting Incidents of Ground Failure Resulting from the August 17,1999 Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake

(2002) Seismic Performance of Ground and Buildings in Adapazari, Turkey

(2002) Liquefaction and Ground Failure Deformation Data in Turkey

(2002) Lessons Learned from Recent Earthquakes in Turkey and Taiwan

(2002) Correlation Between Ground Failure And Soil Conditions In Adapazari, Turkey

(2002) Liquefaction-Induced Ground Deformations at Hotel Sapanca During Kocaeli (Izmit)-Turkey Earthquake

(2003) Ground Failure and Building Performance in Adapazari, Turkey

(2004) Building Response in Adapazari, Turkey

(2004) Performance of Buildings over Liquefiable Ground in Adapazari, Turkey

(2004) Liquefaction Induced Lateral Spreading at Izmit Bay During the Kocaeli (Izmit) – Turkey Earthquake

(2004) Subsurface Characterization at Ground Failure Sites in Adapazari, Turkey

(2004) Comparing Loss Estimation with Observed Damage in a Zone of Ground Failure: A Study of the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake in Turkey

(2004) The Ground Failure Component of Earthquake Loss Estimations: A Case Study of Adapazari, Turkey

(2005) Insights from Soil Structure Interaction Analyses of Buildings in Adapazari, Turkey

(2006) Strong Ground Motions and Damage Patterns from the 1999 Duzce Earthquake in Turkey

(2009) Performance of Buildings in Adapazari during the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake

(2017) Turning Disaster into Knowledge

4 其它人的研究工作

除了上述UC Berkeley的研究工作外，也有其它研究者对1999年的土耳其地震进行了岩土地震工程研究，主要包括：

(1999) Structural Damage: Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake, August 17, 1999