Chuquicamata(丘基卡马塔)露天矿岩石力学研究
1 引言
与美国宾汉峡谷铜矿(Bingham Canyon Mine)【看！地球上最大最深的露天矿在这里】一样，智利的丘基卡马塔铜矿(Chuquicamata Mine)也是开采深度接近千米的露天矿。对于这样深度的矿山开采，存在着大量岩石力学问题，一些国际知名的采矿岩石力学公司参与其中进行了研究，包括Itasca Consulting Group (美国), SRK Consulting (加拿大)和Golder Associates Ltd. (加拿大)。这个笔记简要总结了GeotechSet数据集中Chuquicamata矿的岩石力学研究，这个案例对于采矿岩石力学的教学和陡高边坡的设计具有很大参考价值。chuquicamata.txt 保存了这个案例的相关内容。
2 Chuquicamata矿岩石力学研究
美国宾汉峡谷铜矿(Bingham Canyon Mine)开口直径约为4km，深度1210m；智利的丘基卡马塔铜矿(Chuquicamata Mine) 开口尺寸为长4.3km，宽3km, 深度超过850m，如下图所示。该矿从1915年开始进行开采，直至现在。目前由露天开采逐步转入地下开采，Olavarra S, Adriasola P, Karzulovic A. (2006)。
早在1960年代末，Chuquicamata矿就发生过边坡破坏，Kennedy, B.A., and K.E. Niermeyer. (1970)描述了边坡破坏的监测系统；Rapiman(1993)分析了西区边坡发生的倾倒破坏(Toppling Failure)可能是边坡面和台阶岩体裂缝拉伸发展导致的；Board等人(1996)使用FLAC和UDEC对这种破坏型式进行了模拟；Tapia等人(2007) 对边坡破坏进行了风险评价；Jakubec等人(2012) 使用PFC和SRM研究了岩石缺陷对岩体质量强度的影响。他们进行了一系列模拟的微缺陷样品在无围压压缩下的单轴抗压强度试验，结果显示随着缺陷剪切强度的降低和样品尺寸的增大，UCS逐渐减小。Guzman等人(2015)使用UDEC对西面的边坡进行了蠕变模拟(Creep Modeling)。Chuquicamata矿详细的岩石力学研究可参看下面总结的这些文献。
Chuquicamata矿使用的CAT装载机
3 参考文献
[1] Kennedy, B.A., and K.E. Niermeyer. (1970) Slope Monitoring Systems Used in the Prediction of a Major Slope Failure at the Chuquicamata Mine, Chile. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Planning Open Pit Mines. P. W. J. van Rensberg, ed., Johannesburg, South Africa, CRC/Balkema, Leiden, Netherlands, pp. 215–225. Amsterdam: Balkema.
[2] Rapiman, M., (1993 ). Slope stability and rock mechanics analyses Chuquicamate mine, Codelco, Chile. Bawden and Archibald (eds.}, Innovative mine designfor the 21st century, Proceedings Congress on Mine Design, Kingston, pp. 35-44.
[3] Board M., Chacon E., Verona P. and Lorig L. (1996). "Comparative analysis of toppling behaviour at Chuquicamata open-pit mine, Chile." Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy Section a-Mining Technology 105: A11-A21.
[4] Flores, G. and Karzulovic, A. (2000) The role of the geotechnical group in an open pit: Chuquicamata Mine, Chile. Slope Stability in Surface Mining, SME, Littleton, CO, 141-152. （pdf)
[5] Olavarra S, Adriasola P, Karzulovic A. (2006) Transition from open pit to underground mining at Chuquicamata, Antofagasta, Chile. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on stability of rock slopes in open pit mining and civil engineering. Cape Town: South Africa. Johannesburg: Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. p. 421-434.
[6] Tapia, A., Contreras, L.F., Jefferies, M.G., and Steffen, O. (2007) Risk evaluation of slope failure at Chuquicamata Mine. In Proc. Int. Symp. Rock Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering,477-485, Perth. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, ISBN 978 0 9756756 8 7.
[7] Jakubec, J., Board, M., Campbell, R., Pierce, M., Zaro, D. (2012) Rock mass strength estimate—Chuquicamata case study, in Proceedings MassMin 2012, June 10-14, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM), Sudbury, Canaday.
[8] Guzman, R. S., et al. (2015). "Creep Modeling as a means to Interpret the Behavior of the West Wall of the Chuquicamata Open Pit." Integrating Innovations of Rock Mechanics: 11-18.
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