今日更新:Composite Structures 2 篇,Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 3 篇,Composites Part B: Engineering 1 篇,Composites Science and Technology 2 篇
A method for realizing continuous tungsten fiber-reinforced steel matrix composites by wire-arc-based directed energy deposition
Sathesh Raja, Umesh Melkani, Ritam Sarma, Sajan Kapil, Nelson Muthu
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118811
一种线弧定向能沉积实现连续钨纤维增强钢基复合材料的方法
Wire-arc-based directed energy deposition (DED) has enabled the onsite fabrication of large-scale metallic components. Low carbon steels are one of the common materials used for large-scale structures. However, to strengthen the low carbon steel, an appropriate heat treatment method is required, which is challenging to adapt for large-scale components. An alternative approach to improve strength is to reinforce the steel with stronger materials. This work presents a hybrid manufacturing approach (additive + subtractive) manufacturing approach to realize continuous fiber-reinforced metal matrix composites. Wire-arc-based DED was adopted to deposit metal matrix followed by a subtractive method to create grooves for accurate placement of continuous fibers for the fabrication of each layer. The method was successfully implemented for the fabrication of a low carbon steel composite reinforced with 1.2 mm tungsten fibers and was tested under different loading conditions. Tensile and compressive yield strengths are improved by 151 % and 264 %, respectively. The flexural load resistance is improved by 152 % and the fracture toughness is increased by 153 %. The developed metal matrix composite shields gamma radiation with 40 % more effectiveness. Hence, fabricated composites may find potential applications as structural members in defense and nuclear industries
基于线弧的定向能沉积(DED)技术使大规模金属部件的现场制造成为可能。低碳钢是大型结构的常用材料之一。然而,为了提高低碳钢的强度,需要一种合适的热处理方法,而这种热处理方法很难适应大型部件。另一种提高强度的方法是用更强的材料加固钢。本文提出了一种混合制造方法(增材制造 +减材制造 )来实现连续纤维增强金属基复合材料。采用线弧基DED沉积金属基体,然后采用减法制造凹槽,以精确放置连续纤维,用于每层的制造。该方法成功制备了1.2 mm钨纤维增强的低碳钢复合材料,并进行了不同载荷条件下的试验。抗拉和抗压屈服强度分别提高了15 %和264 %。抗弯曲载荷性能提高152 %,断裂韧性提高153 %。所研制的金属基复合材料屏蔽γ辐射的效能提高了40% %。因此,合成复合材料可能会在国防和核工业中找到潜在的应用
Uncertainty analysis of the influence of micro-defects and delamination on the mechanical properties of CFRP
Chenyang Xie, Zhiyong Zhao, Lishuai Sun, Junbiao Wang, Jianjun Jiang, Yujun Li
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118828
微缺陷和分层对CFRP力学性能影响的不确定性分析
Accurate prediction of the mechanical behavior of composite laminates is critical for their reliable application in engineering structures. While significant progress has been made in understanding the influence of micro-defects on the mechanical properties of unidirectional composites, quantifying the propagation of uncertainty from the microscale to the laminate level remains a challenge. Traditional deterministic approaches often oversimplify the complex interplay between micro-defects, material variability, and laminate performance. To address these limitations, this study presents a comprehensive framework for uncertainty quantification in composite laminates. By combining experimental characterization, computational modeling, and statistical analysis, this study quantified the impact of micro-defects and delamination on laminate properties. A Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) method was employed to propagate uncertainty from the microscale to the laminate level. The results demonstrated that micro-defects significantly influence the mechanical properties of laminae, leading to normally distributed strength and stiffness values. Delamination was found to primarily affect the mean value of compressive strength without altering the distribution shape. Finally, experimental validation confirmed the accuracy of the proposed uncertainty analysis framework. This research offers a valuable tool for improving the design and reliability of composite structures by providing a quantitative understanding of the uncertainties associated with their mechanical behavior.
准确预测复合材料层合板的力学性能对其在工程结构中的可靠应用至关重要。虽然在理解微缺陷对单向复合材料力学性能的影响方面取得了重大进展,但量化从微尺度到层压水平的不确定性传播仍然是一个挑战。传统的确定性方法往往过分简化了微缺陷、材料可变性和层压板性能之间复杂的相互作用。为了解决这些限制,本研究提出了复合材料层压板不确定性量化的综合框架。通过实验表征、计算建模和统计分析相结合,本研究量化了微缺陷和分层对层合板性能的影响。采用多项式混沌展开(PCE)方法将不确定性从微观尺度传播到层状尺度。结果表明,微缺陷对层板的力学性能影响显著,导致层板的强度和刚度值呈正态分布。发现分层主要影响抗压强度的平均值,但不改变其分布形状。最后,通过实验验证了所提出的不确定度分析框架的准确性。本研究通过定量了解与复合材料力学行为相关的不确定性,为改进复合材料结构的设计和可靠性提供了有价值的工具。
High-temperature anisotropic behavior of large-size industrial-grade thin sheet of (TiB + TiC) reinforced titanium matrix composites
Jingxi Wu, Yuyong Chen, Zhiming Du, Baohui Li, Tongzheng He, Haitao Zhou, Yu Zhang
doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108680
大尺寸工业级(TiB + TiC)增强钛基复合材料薄板的高温各向异性行为
To address the research gap concerning the mechanical property anisotropy of large-size industrial-grade titanium matrix composites (TMCs) thin sheets, a (TiB + TiC) binary-reinforced TMCs sheet that has the largest size reported to date was prepared using the pack ply-rolling. Detailed investigations revealed significant anisotropy in ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation at 650 ℃. The as-rolled TMCs exhibited a strong (–12–10)[10–10] prismatic texture, causing the Schmid factor to vary with the loading direction and inducing differences in the external stress required for slip system activation and anisotropic high-temperature mechanical properties. Additionally, a strong (100)[010] texture in TiB balances the matrix texture to mitigate anisotropy. The whisker-like TiB alignment along the rolling direction also balances the impact of strong TD texture on strength anisotropy but exacerbates ductility anisotropy. In contrast, the nearly isotropic strengthening effect of near-equiaxed or equiaxed TiC indicates minimal influence on the mechanical property anisotropy.
为了解决大尺寸工业级钛基复合材料(TMCs)薄板力学性能各向异性的研究空白,采用包覆轧制方法制备了迄今为止报道尺寸最大的(TiB + TiC)二元增强TMCs薄板。在650℃时,拉伸强度、屈服强度和伸长率各向异性显著。轧制态tmc表现出强烈的(-12-10)[10-10]棱柱织构,导致施密德因子随加载方向而变化,并导致滑移系统激活和各向异性高温力学性能所需的外部应力差异。此外,TiB中的强(100)[010]纹理平衡了矩阵纹理以减轻各向异性。沿轧制方向的晶须状TiB取向也平衡了强TD织构对强度各向异性的影响,但加剧了塑性各向异性。相比之下,近等轴或等轴TiC的近各向同性强化效果表明对力学性能各向异性的影响最小。
In situ damage level characterization of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers via self-sensing and statistical approaches
So Young Oh, Björn Beck, Frank Henning, In Yong Lee, Young-Bin Park
doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108676
基于自感知和统计方法的碳纤维增强聚合物原位损伤水平表征
Structural health monitoring (SHM) and prognostics and health management (PHM) play an important role in ensuring user safety and controlling maintenance expenses. To improve these techniques, this paper presents a holistic PHM system for carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs), utilizing a self-sensing method. Concentric holes were progressively machined into CFRPs with continuous electrical resistance monitoring. Empirical correlations between electrical resistance and hole diameters were established based on fiber types and stacking sequences. The correlations enable damage severity characterization and localization, and anticipate future electromechanical behavior under continuous loading. By integrating statistical tools, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and Bayesian, the system predicts prospective electrical resistance within 0.65 % error. Therefore, operators can determine both current and future health statuses of in-service CFRP structures with simple polynomial correlations and electrical resistance measurement. This study advances SHM and PHM systems by providing quantitative damage assessment, which enhances understanding of structural integrity and reduces maintenance costs.
结构健康监测(SHM)和预测与健康管理(PHM)在保障用户安全和控制维修费用方面发挥着重要作用。为了改进这些技术,本文提出了一种利用自传感方法的碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRPs)整体PHM系统。同心孔逐步加工成连续电阻监测的cfrp。根据纤维类型和堆叠顺序建立了电阻与孔径的经验相关关系。这些相关性可以实现损伤严重程度的表征和定位,并预测在持续载荷下的未来机电行为。通过整合统计工具、马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)和贝叶斯,该系统预测未来电阻的误差在0.65 %以内。因此,操作人员可以通过简单的多项式相关和电阻测量来确定在役CFRP结构当前和未来的健康状态。该研究通过提供定量损伤评估来推进SHM和PHM系统,提高了对结构完整性的理解,降低了维护成本。
A novel visco-elastic–plastic constitutive model for predicting the cyclic loading–unloading nonlinear tensile behaviors of off-axis twisted flax fiber reinforced composites
Bo Wen, Jinzhe Zhang, Qian Li, Zhen Zhang, Hao Ding
doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108679
一种预测离轴扭曲亚麻纤维增强复合材料循环加卸载非线性拉伸行为的粘弹塑性本构模型
The nonlinear mechanical behaviors of unidirectional twisted on-axis and off-axis flax fiber reinforced composites (FFRC-0, FFRC-15, FFRC-30, FFRC-45) during cyclic tensile loading–unloading conditions were investigated in this study. The nonlinear tensile performances of FFRC-0 were firstly analyzed through monotonic tensile tests to determine the evolution law between the stiffness and axial strain. Based on the repetitive progressive tensile test results of FFRC-0, a quadratic function was applied and expressed to describe the stiffness evolution relationship for each cyclic unloading process. The nonlinear deformation mechanisms and hysteretic phenomena of all composites were clarified via cyclic tensile experiments. To predict the cyclic tensile stress–strain responses of unidirectional off-axis FFRCs, a novel visco-elastic–plastic constitutive model was developed by integrating geometric nonlinearity (twisted structure and off-axis tension) and material nonlinearity (hysteresis and creep) in a user-defined material subroutine. The two-parameter Weibull model was employed to characterize the hysteresis during off-axis unloading and subsequent loading. The findings indicate that FFRC-0 exhibit a nonlinear deformation behavior with four evolution stage, describing as a quadratic exponential function. The hierarchical twisted structures of flax yarns and visco-elastic–plastic characteristics of flax fibers lead to strong hysteresis and creep mechanisms. The experimental and numerical results have achieved a significant agreement on the stress–strain relationships of unidirectional off-axis FFRCs, and the model determined the contributions of strain components to the nonlinear mechanical response of FFRCs. It is expected to contribute to improving the prediction accuracy of long-term mechanical properties of plant fiber reinforced composites.
研究了单向扭转亚麻纤维增强复合材料(FFRC-0、FFRC-15、FFRC-30、FFRC-45)在循环拉伸加卸载过程中的非线性力学行为。首先通过单调拉伸试验分析了FFRC-0的非线性拉伸性能,确定了其刚度与轴向应变之间的演化规律。基于FFRC-0的重复渐进拉伸试验结果,采用二次函数来描述各循环卸载过程的刚度演化关系。通过循环拉伸试验,阐明了复合材料的非线性变形机理和滞回现象。为了预测单向离轴ffrc的循环拉伸应力-应变响应,将几何非线性(扭曲结构和离轴张力)和材料非线性(迟滞和蠕变)集成到自定义材料子程序中,建立了一种新的粘弹塑性本构模型。采用双参数威布尔模型对离轴卸载和后续加载过程中的滞回进行了表征。研究结果表明,FFRC-0具有四个演化阶段的非线性变形行为,表现为二次指数函数。亚麻纤维的层次性捻度结构和粘弹塑性特性导致其具有较强的滞回和蠕变机理。实验和数值结果对单向离轴ffrc的应力-应变关系有较好的一致性,该模型确定了应变分量对ffrc非线性力学响应的贡献。这将有助于提高植物纤维增强复合材料长期力学性能的预测精度。
Adhered Web-Lapped Semi-Rigid Pultruded FRP Beam-to-Column Framing Connections: Part 1 – Experimental Study
David Pirchio, Juan Diego Pozo, Kevin Q. Walsh
doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112059
粘接腹板搭接半刚性拉挤FRP梁-柱框架连接:第1部分-试验研究
The structural pultruded fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) industry is a fast-growing structural design and construction sector. Due to its rapid shipping and installation, non-corrosive properties, and lightweight, the use of pultruded FRP is currently widespread in mission-critical and time-critical constructions all over the United States, with a predominant deployment in lightly and moderately loaded structures such as maintenance platforms and cable bus supports. However, the current state-of-the-art structural framing solutions available to professional engineers are limited, and the design tools currently adopted in ASCE 74-23 for LRFD design of structural FRP provide guidance only for bolted connections deployed in braced frame configurations. The current research is part one of a two-part paper in which five series of adhered lapped semi-rigid pultruded FRP beam-to-column framing connections, corresponding to 51 specimens, were tested. The research intent was to develop a novel cost-efficient connection to be used in lateral resisting systems for structures in pultruded FRP composite. In the work herein, the experimental study results in terms of rotational stiffness, strength, and predominant limit states were presented. Finally, considerations were offered regarding the dissipative characteristic of the connections undergoing cyclic loading.
结构拉伸纤维增强聚合物(FRP)工业是一个快速发展的结构设计和施工部门。由于其快速运输和安装,无腐蚀性和重量轻,拉挤玻璃钢的使用目前在美国各地的关键任务和时间关键型建筑中广泛使用,主要部署在轻型和中等负荷结构中,如维护平台和电缆总线支撑。然而,目前可供专业工程师使用的最先进的结构框架解决方案是有限的,目前在ASCE 74-23中采用的设计工具用于结构FRP的LRFD设计,仅为在支撑框架配置中部署螺栓连接提供指导。目前的研究是两部分论文的第一部分,其中五个系列粘接搭接半刚性拉伸FRP梁柱框架连接,对应于51个试件,进行了测试。研究的目的是开发一种新型的经济高效的连接,用于拉挤FRP复合材料结构的横向抵抗系统。在本文的工作中,给出了旋转刚度、强度和优势极限状态的实验研究结果。最后,考虑了循环荷载作用下连接的耗散特性。
The electrical response of carbon fibre reinforced electrodes in structural power composites under cyclic compaction
Shimeng Qian, Sang Nguyen, Ajit Panesar, Milo.S.P. Shaffer, Emile S. Greenhalgh
doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.111020
碳纤维增强结构动力复合材料电极在循环压实作用下的电响应
Multifunctional structural power composites (SPCs) provide a lightweighting solution for conventional electrochemical energy storage, while offering additional mechanical capability. This work studied the anisotropic electrical response of woven carbon fibre (WCF) reinforced structural supercapacitor electrodes, i.e., plain weave, spread tow, and carbon aerogel (CAG) modified spread tow fabrics, under cyclic compaction. Experimental results show that 1 MPa compaction increased in-plane conductivity by over 60% and out-of-plane conductivity by at least five-fold for all fabrics tested. Numerical studies revealed that the intra-yarn fibre volume fraction is a critical factor for both in-plane and out-of-plane electrical performance. The predicted in-plane conductivity of woven fabrics presents a linear relationship with the intra-yarn fibre volume fraction, following a modified rule of the mixtures (ROMs). For the out-of-plane conduction, a larger number of percolating paths formed with more fibre-to-fibre contacts and fibre clusters under a higher fibre volume fraction, thus promoting the out-of-plane conductivity. Additionally, CAG modification formed a conductive CAG skin over the fabric surface, which largely reduced the in-plane electrical anisotropy of WCFs. In principle, reducing the intra-yarn free volume of WCF-reinforced electrodes provides a route towards significantly improving the electrical performance of SPCs and serves as a guidance for subsequent encapsulation and multifunctional design.
多功能结构动力复合材料(SPCs)为传统的电化学储能提供了一种轻量化解决方案,同时提供了额外的机械性能。本文研究了编织碳纤维(WCF)增强结构超级电容器电极(即平纹编织、展束和碳气凝胶(CAG)改性展束织物)在循环压实下的各向异性电响应。实验结果表明,1 MPa压实可使所有织物的面内电导率提高60%以上,面外电导率提高至少5倍。数值研究表明,纱线内纤维体积分数是影响纱线面内和面外电性能的关键因素。机织物的面内电导率预测与纱线内纤维体积分数呈线性关系,遵循改进的混纺规则。对于面外导电性,纤维体积分数越高,纤维与纤维之间的接触越多,纤维团簇越多,形成的渗透路径越多,从而促进了面外导电性。此外,CAG改性在织物表面形成导电的CAG表皮,大大降低了wcf的面内电各向异性。原则上,减少wcf增强电极的纱线内自由体积为显著提高SPCs的电性能提供了一条途径,并为后续的封装和多功能设计提供了指导。
Bridging effects for through-thickness reinforced laminates
Tianyu Chen, Yanjun Zhang, Christopher M. Harvey, Yiding Liu, Simon Wang, Xiang Zhang, Vadim V. Silberschmidt
doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.111026
通厚增强层压板的桥接效应
The delamination growth resistance of laminates can be enhanced through bridging effects. Despite the potential to deliver improved mechanical performance, there are very few works that investigate bridging effects analytically, which could be used to facilitate the design and assessment of laminates. In this work, a novel analytical model is developed to assess the crack driving force (energy release rate, or J-integral) of a mode-I crack for z-pin-reinforced laminates using the double cantilever beam (DCB) configuration. To study bridging effects, a J-integral reduction factor and force enhancement are defined based on the developed model. Two critical conditions are established for the crack driving force being zero, namely, the crack’s complete closure, and zero crack-tip force balance. The analytical solutions are studied and validated for the cases of single-pinned and multiple-pinned DCB, showing excellent agreement with both numerical simulations and experiments. The developed theory can also be employed to study other types of through-thickness reinforcement and is readily applicable for assessment and design of laminate structures to improve their delamination growth resistance and fracture behavior.
通过桥接效应可以提高层合板的抗分层生长能力。尽管有可能提高机械性能,但很少有研究桥接效应的分析工作,这可以用来促进层压板的设计和评估。在这项工作中,开发了一种新的分析模型来评估使用双悬臂梁(DCB)结构的z销增强层合板的i型裂纹驱动力(能量释放率或j积分)。为了研究桥接效应,在此基础上定义了j积分折减因子和力增强。建立了裂纹驱动力为零的两个临界条件,即裂纹完全闭合和裂纹尖端力零平衡。对单钉和多钉两种情况下的解析解进行了研究和验证,结果与数值模拟和实验结果吻合较好。所建立的理论也可用于研究其他类型的透厚加固,并易于应用于层压结构的评估和设计,以提高层压结构的抗分层生长和断裂性能。