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三坐标测量机(CMM)的精度评定2021

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   三坐标测量机是一种多用途的长度计量仪器,主要用于测量各种不同形状工件的尺寸和形位误差。由于被测工件千变万化,测量时工件的 安装和固定方式也多种多样,所以精度的评定是很复杂的问题。其评定必须依据一·定的技术条件,主要目的如下:


 (1)为用户确定一个有实际意义的精度值。


 (2)给出实用可行的测试方法,使用户可以有效地验收制造厂给定的精度值。


 (3)规定验收测试条件,保证给定精度值的有效测试环境和条件。



   三坐标测量机的精度不象单坐标测量机那样便于检定和给定指标大小。三坐标测量机的精度表示方法既不好规定,也不好检定,至今尚无统一的方法和标准。


  三坐标测量机的精度分为机器精度测量精度


   机器精度是指测量机本身的精度,即测量头中心在测量空间内任意位置的精度。为点的位置精度。


   测量精度即测量值与实际值之差。受测量方法、测头、工件状态如测量定位面、测量表面以及温度等因素的影响。


一、三坐标测量机的误差来源


1. 几何误差:


   由于加工误差,调整精度及使用中磨损等原因,引起导轨运动的直线度和垂直度等误差以及工作台面的平面度 。


2.机构的刚度变形误差:


   由于动载和工件重量的变化引起机构变形,从而产生误差。


3.测量系统的误差:


   由基准尺误差、电子系统误差和量化误差等组成。


4.测头的误差


5.温度误差




   几何精度对测量机总精度起着主要影响作用,所以应予以重视。几何精度有以下几项:


(1)工作台面与X,Y移动平面的平行度;


(2)X,Y,Z向移动的直线度。(每个坐标轴都有两个方向的直线度);


(3) X,Y,Z方向移动的角度变化。(每个坐标轴有3个方向的角度变化);


(4)X,Y,Z方向移动的相互垂直度,总共有3个垂直度。



二、三坐标测量机的精度评定


1.示值精度(MPEE)


   示值精度是沿各坐标轴测得的三坐标测量机位置读数与基准长度测量系统读数的差值,主要为坐标位置的点位精度。包括X,Y,Z各轴的位置精度。不包括测头和被测工件表面状况及温度的影响等。一般用激光干涉仪或刻线尺的读数为基准进行比对。


  对于三维测头,通过比较5个不同长度尺寸实物标准器的校准值和指示值,评价坐标测量机是否符合规定的最大允许示值误差MPEE。5个尺寸实物标准器放在测量空间的7个不同的方向或位置,各测量3次,共进行105次测量。



  三坐标测量机的示值精度按国际标准ISO 10360-2(坐标测量机的验收检测和复检检测)和国标JJF1064-2010 的规定,分为三类:



示值误差的校准


标准器:量块,尺寸实物标准器、检测球、二维靶标


至少覆盖整个空间对角线长度的66%


5个不同的测量长度


3次重复测量


总共105次测量结果





位置

标准器在CMM行程中的位置:


7 个位置: 4 个空间对角线和3个轴向位置


2、重复精度

          

  对同一位置重复测量,求出标准差,通常以±3δ 表示重复精度。也可对量块在每个位置上重复测量10个测量值时,测量机读数的最小和最大数值之差作为长度测量重复性。重复性标准为:



 3、动态误差

        

  动态误差主要来源于测量部件运动过程中由于加速度造成的变形,特别测量面是曲面时,测量头作向心加速度运动,将产生动态误差,动态误一般不超过静态误差的10%—30%。


 4.总机测量精度(综合误差)


   (1)  单轴长度测量精度

         

  单轴长度测量精度是基准量块长度与相应的测量机测长读数之差.分别对X、Y、Z, 3个坐标轴进行测量。检测长度为坐标量程的1/3,1/2和3/4。


 (2)空间长度测量精度


 空间长度测量精度用两块量或哑铃型模型球检定。尚无统一标准。



5.探测误差(MPEP)

  通过确定测量点到最小二乘拟合球球心距离的范围,评价三维探测误差P是否符合规定的最大允许探测误差MPEP。


探针位置:按制造商限定范围任意配置,一般用20mm的测杆。


校准过程:在标准球上选取25个探测点进行探测,探测点须均布。

在球面上指定位置测量25点,并以此计算高斯拟合球。


换言之:PFTU(PFTU  = Rmax – Rmin)指的就是此球的形状误差(各点最大R与最小R的差值)




结果处理:用25个测量值计算出最小二乘球中心,求出25个测点到球心的距离R,P=RMAX-RMIN


综合性评定:探测误差P不大于最大允许探测误差MPEP,允许重复再测一次。



CMM校准的注意事项:


(1)量块是CMM示值误差校准的主标准器,激光干涉仪为辅助标准器


(2)校准前标准器(量块)需提前恒温24h以上


(3)使用检定合格的标准器,计算示值误差时须考虑标准器的修正值


(4)量块的固定夹具目前无标准规范,夹具优劣对校准结果至关重要


(5)量块(艾利点、贝塞尔点)装夹位置有讲究



三、三坐标测量机的精度分析方法


在三坐标测量机的测量空间范围内,任何一点的误差表现为空间矢量。 


如果三坐标测量机不存在误差,则测头应该从o点到达A点,但由于存在误差,测头实际达到了B点产生误差的大小为:


三个方向误差可进一步分解



附注:


1.单项几何误差分离与修正


特点:


直接判断误差源,便于对几何误差的调整,提高仪器的固有精度

误差模型简单

误差分离过程长,工作量大


几何误差检测方法(激光干涉仪法)


2.单项测头误差的分离与修正



3.空间矢量误差分离与修正


方法:


用标准件来确定空间某一点的理想坐标

标准件:四面体框架、光学构架、空间球板等


特点:


直观反映误差分布包含所有误差的信息,与实际情况接近直接进行误差修正,误差模型简单,但需三维插值标准件制造与检定要求高


4.相对综合误差分离与修正


相对综合误差=距离测得值-距离标准值


通过测量三维空间若干特定方向的线段距离,由距离误差反映测量机综合误差。


对距离误差进行分解,计算出21项几何误差;


特点:

误差分离简单、快速,所需仪器少,分离精度高;误差分解、建模的难度与工作量大;适合对测量机进行精度标定。



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F(PT6)=FEAT/POINT,CART,58.6156,28.3239,0,0,0,1 F(PT7)=FEAT/POINT,CART,60.0981,10.0983,0,0,0,1 F(PT8)=FEAT/POINT,CART,81.1724,17.6542,-12.8177,0.5236,0,0.8519 F(PT9)=FEAT/POINT,CART,80.0394,56.0724,-12.091,0.556,0,0.8312 F(PT10)=FEAT/POINT,CART,94.3066,90.8794,-17.6125,0.1484,0,0.9889 F(PT11)=FEAT/POINT,CART,79.2932,81.2588,-11.5777,0.5773,0,0.8165 F(PT12)=FEAT/POINT,CART,99,93.204,-20.8045,1,0,0 F(PT13)=FEAT/POINT,CART,99,34.0278,-21.1013,1,0,0 F(PT14)=FEAT/POINT,CART,57.8149,0,-3.769,-0,-1,-0 F(PT15)=FEAT/POINT,CART,4.1083,0,-3.1485,-0,-1,-0 F(PT16)=FEAT/POINT,CART,0,4.5994,-2.8099,-1,0,0 F(PT17)=FEAT/POINT,CART,0,55.4652,-3.5965,-1,0,0 F(PT18)=FEAT/POINT,CART,4.0956,68.4402,-4.7868,-0.8654,0.501,0 F(PT19)=FEAT/POINT,CART,19.6907,95.3773,-2.8207,-0.8654,0.501,0 F(PT20)=FEAT/POINT,CART,25.532,99,-1.9534,0,1,0 F(PT21)=FEAT/POINT,CART,57.5392,99,-3.5221,0,1,0 F(PT22)=FEAT/POINT,CART,89.9204,99,-19.6404,0,1,0 MODE/AUTO,PROG,MAN FLY/ON TEXT/OPER,'将机器移动到安全位置,执行“OK”后机器开始自动测量' MEAS/POINT,F(PT2),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT3),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT4),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT5),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT6),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT7),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT8),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT9),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT10),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT11),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT12),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT13),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT14),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT15),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT16),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT17),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT18),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT19),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT20),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT21),1 ENDMES MEAS/POINT,F(PT22),1 ENDMES MODE/PROG,MAN SNSET/DEPTH,3 SCNSET/DRAG,DIST,1 SCNSET/PECK,DIST,1 F(CR1)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,31.5,31.5,$ 0,0,0,1,20 MEAS/CIRCLE,F(CR1),8 GOTO/CART,89.9204,102.25,16.25 GOTO/CART,35.7978,36.7049,16.25 GOTO/CART,35.7978,36.7049,-3 PTMEAS/CART,37.8672,39.211,-3,-0.6367,-0.7711,0 GOTO/CART,33.4789,37.9534,-3 GOTO/CART,30.8586,38.2195,-3 PTMEAS/CART,30.5498,41.4548,-3,0.095,-0.9955,0 GOTO/CART,28.336,37.4625,-3 GOTO/CART,26.2951,35.7978,-3 PTMEAS/CART,23.789,37.8672,-3,0.7711,-0.6367,0 GOTO/CART,25.0466,33.4789,-3 GOTO/CART,24.7805,30.8586,-3 PTMEAS/CART,21.5452,30.5498,-3,0.9955,0.095,0 GOTO/CART,25.5375,28.336,-3 GOTO/CART,27.2022,26.2951,-3 PTMEAS/CART,25.1328,23.789,-3,0.6367,0.7711,0 GOTO/CART,29.5211,25.0466,-3 GOTO/CART,32.1414,24.7805,-3 PTMEAS/CART,32.4502,21.5452,-3,-0.095,0.9955,0 GOTO/CART,34.664,25.5375,-3 GOTO/CART,36.7049,27.2022,-3 PTMEAS/CART,39.211,25.1328,-3,-0.7711,0.6367,0 GOTO/CART,37.9534,29.5211,-3 GOTO/CART,38.2195,32.1414,-3 PTMEAS/CART,41.4548,32.4502,-3,-0.9955,-0.095,0 GOTO/CART,38.2195,32.1414,16.25 ENDMES F(CR2)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,31.5,49.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 MEAS/CIRCLE,F(CR2),5 GOTO/CART,32.1317,47.868,16.25 GOTO/CART,32.1317,47.868,-3 PTMEAS/CART,33.305,44.8372,-3,-0.361,0.9326,0 GOTO/CART,32.9704,48.551,-3 GOTO/CART,33.2473,49.5965,-3 PTMEAS/CART,36.4924,49.7757,-3,-0.9985,-0.0551,0 GOTO/CART,32.8569,50.6051,-3 GOTO/CART,31.9482,51.1916,-3 PTMEAS/CART,32.7805,54.3333,-3,-0.2561,-0.9667,0 GOTO/CART,30.8683,51.132,-3 GOTO/CART,30.0296,50.449,-3 PTMEAS/CART,27.299,52.2114,-3,0.8402,-0.5423,0 GOTO/CART,29.7527,49.4035,-3 GOTO/CART,30.1431,48.3949,-3 PTMEAS/CART,27.6231,46.3425,-3,0.7754,0.6315,0 GOTO/CART,30.1431,48.3949,16.25 ENDMES F(CR3)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,15.9115,40.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 MEAS/CIRCLE,F(CR3),5 GOTO/CART,17.4418,41.3489,16.25 GOTO/CART,17.4418,41.3489,-3 PTMEAS/CART,20.2838,42.9255,-3,-0.8745,-0.4851,0 GOTO/CART,16.6506,42.0863,-3 GOTO/CART,15.5771,42.2177,-3 PTMEAS/CART,14.9559,45.4078,-3,0.1911,-0.9816,0 GOTO/CART,14.6313,41.6931,-3 GOTO/CART,14.1745,40.7127,-3 PTMEAS/CART,10.9486,41.1077,-3,0.9926,-0.1215,0 GOTO/CART,14.3812,39.6511,-3 GOTO/CART,15.1725,38.9137,-3 PTMEAS/CART,13.8,35.9678,-3,0.4223,0.9064,0 GOTO/CART,16.246,38.7823,-3 GOTO/CART,17.1918,39.3069,-3 PTMEAS/CART,19.5695,37.0912,-3,-0.7316,0.6818,0 GOTO/CART,17.1918,39.3069,16.25 ENDMES F(CR4)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,15.9115,22.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 MEAS/CIRCLE,F(CR4),5 GOTO/CART,16.0445,24.2449,16.25 GOTO/CART,16.0445,24.2449,-3 PTMEAS/CART,16.2913,27.4856,-3,-0.076,-0.9971,0 GOTO/CART,14.9934,23.9898,-3 GOTO/CART,14.2931,23.1656,-3 PTMEAS/CART,11.2874,24.4018,-3,0.9248,-0.3804,0 GOTO/CART,14.2109,22.0872,-3 GOTO/CART,14.7784,21.1664,-3 PTMEAS/CART,12.6739,18.6898,-3,0.6475,0.762,0 GOTO/CART,15.7786,20.7551,-3 GOTO/CART,16.8297,21.0102,-3 PTMEAS/CART,18.5347,18.2434,-3,-0.5246,0.8513,0 GOTO/CART,17.53,21.8344,-3 GOTO/CART,17.6122,22.9128,-3 PTMEAS/CART,20.7704,23.6794,-3,-0.9718,-0.2359,0 GOTO/CART,17.6122,22.9128,16.25 ENDMES F(CR5)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,31.5,13.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 MEAS/CIRCLE,F(CR5),5 GOTO/CART,30.0514,14.4818,16.25 GOTO/CART,30.0514,14.4818,-3 PTMEAS/CART,27.3611,16.3052,-3,0.8278,-0.561,0 GOTO/CART,29.7509,13.4428,-3 GOTO/CART,30.1186,12.4257,-3 PTMEAS/CART,27.5531,10.4305,-3,0.7894,0.6139,0 GOTO/CART,31.0139,11.8189,-3 GOTO/CART,32.0948,11.8542,-3 PTMEAS/CART,33.1996,8.7977,-3,-0.3399,0.9405,0 GOTO/CART,32.9486,12.5182,-3 GOTO/CART,33.2491,13.5572,-3 PTMEAS/CART,36.4973,13.6633,-3,-0.9995,-0.0327,0 GOTO/CART,32.8814,14.5743,-3 GOTO/CART,31.9861,15.1811,-3 PTMEAS/CART,32.889,18.3032,-3,-0.2778,-0.9606,0 GOTO/CART,31.9861,15.1811,16.25 ENDMES F(CR6)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,47.0885,22.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 MEAS/CIRCLE,F(CR6),5 GOTO/CART,45.5136,21.7368,16.25 GOTO/CART,45.5136,21.7368,-3 PTMEAS/CART,42.589,20.3195,-3,0.8999,0.4361,0 GOTO/CART,46.263,20.9569,-3 GOTO/CART,47.3276,20.7664,-3 PTMEAS/CART,47.7719,17.5469,-3,-0.1367,0.9906,0 GOTO/CART,48.3009,21.2381,-3 GOTO/CART,48.8111,22.1918,-3 PTMEAS/CART,52.0103,21.6194,-3,-0.9844,0.1761,0 GOTO/CART,48.6633,23.2632,-3 GOTO/CART,47.9139,24.0431,-3 PTMEAS/CART,49.4469,26.9088,-3,-0.4717,-0.8818,0 GOTO/CART,46.8493,24.2336,-3 GOTO/CART,45.876,23.7619,-3 PTMEAS/CART,43.6242,26.1054,-3,0.6928,-0.7211,0 GOTO/CART,45.876,23.7619,16.25 ENDMES F(CR7)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,47.0885,40.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 MEAS/CIRCLE,F(CR7),5 GOTO/CART,46.962,38.7546,16.25 GOTO/CART,46.962,38.7546,-3 PTMEAS/CART,46.7272,35.5131,-3,0.0722,0.9974,0 GOTO/CART,48.0121,39.0136,-3 GOTO/CART,48.7094,39.8404,-3 PTMEAS/CART,51.7197,38.6154,-3,-0.9262,0.3769,0 GOTO/CART,48.7875,40.9191,-3 GOTO/CART,48.2167,41.8378,-3 PTMEAS/CART,50.312,44.3222,-3,-0.6447,-0.7644,0 GOTO/CART,47.2149,42.2454,-3 GOTO/CART,46.1648,41.9864,-3 PTMEAS/CART,44.4495,44.7468,-3,0.5278,-0.8494,0 GOTO/CART,45.4675,41.1596,-3 GOTO/CART,45.3894,40.0809,-3 PTMEAS/CART,42.234,39.3025,-3,0.9709,0.2395,0 GOTO/CART,45.3894,40.0809,16.25 ENDMES F(CR8)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,52.45,11.55,$ 0,0,0,1,6.796 SNSET/APPRCH,1 SNSET/RETRCT,1 SNSET/SEARCH,10 SNSET/DEPTH,3 SCNSET/DRAG,DIST,1 SCNSET/PECK,DIST,1 MEAS/CIRCLE,F(CR8),5 GOTO/CART,52.1742,12.6644,16.25 GOTO/CART,52.1742,12.6644,-3 PTMEAS/CART,51.6337,14.8485,-3,0.2402,-0.9707,0 GOTO/CART,51.5719,12.2895,-3 GOTO/CART,51.3049,11.6321,-3 PTMEAS/CART,49.0607,11.793,-3,0.9974,-0.0715,0 GOTO/CART,51.4754,10.9434,-3 GOTO/CART,52.0181,10.4863,-3 PTMEAS/CART,51.1716,8.4017,-3,0.3762,0.9265,0 GOTO/CART,52.7258,10.4356,-3 GOTO/CART,53.3281,10.8105,-3 PTMEAS/CART,55.0492,9.3613,-3,-0.7649,0.6441,0 GOTO/CART,53.5951,11.4679,-3 GOTO/CART,53.4246,12.1566,-3 PTMEAS/CART,55.3348,13.3456,-3,-0.849,-0.5284,0 GOTO/CART,53.4246,12.1566,16.25 ENDMES RECALL/D(MCS) MODE/MAN F(PL2)=FEAT/PLANE,CART,32.7027,39.3873,0,0,0,1 MEAS/PLANE,F(PL2),4 ENDMES F(LN3)=FEAT/LINE,BND,CART,6.4043,0,-4.6809,$ 60.011,0,-4.6809,0,-1,0 MEAS/LINE,F(LN3),2,FA(PL2) ENDMES F(LN4)=FEAT/LINE,BND,CART,0,6.0823,-5.0449,$ 0,57.3691,-5.0449,-1,0,0 MEAS/LINE,F(LN4),2,FA(PL2) ENDMES F(PT23)=FEAT/POINT,CART,0,0,-4.8629,0,0,1 CONST/POINT,F(PT23),INTOF,FA(LN3),FA(LN4) DATDEF/FA(PL2),DAT(A)DATDEF/FA(LN3),DAT(B)DATDEF/FA(PT23),DAT(C) D(PC3)=DATSET/DAT(A),ZDIR,ZORIG,DAT(B),XDIR,YORIG,DAT(C),XORIG CONVERT/FROM,D(PC2),TO,D(PC3),NOM,ACT, $ DATA,F(PT2),F(PT3),F(PT4),F(PT5),F(PT6),F(PT7), $ F(PT8),F(PT9),F(PT10),F(PT11),F(PT12),F(PT13), $ F(PT14),F(PT15),F(PT16),F(PT17),F(PT18),F(PT19), $ F(PT20),F(PT21),F(PT22),F(CR1),F(CR2),F(CR3), $ F(CR4),F(CR5),F(CR6),F(CR7),F(CR8) F(PT24)=FEAT/POINT,CART,5.7425,8.5184,0,0,0,1 CONST/POINT,F(PT24),TR,FA(PT2),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(PT25)=FEAT/POINT,CART,3.6767,58.6664,0,0,0,1 CONST/POINT,F(PT25),TR,FA(PT3),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(PT26)=FEAT/POINT,CART,27.2031,91.2891,0,0,0,1 CONST/POINT,F(PT26),TR,FA(PT4),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(PT27)=FEAT/POINT,CART,61.0255,67.7786,0,0,0,1 CONST/POINT,F(PT27),TR,FA(PT5),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(PT28)=FEAT/POINT,CART,58.6156,28.3239,0,0,0,1 CONST/POINT,F(PT28),TR,FA(PT6),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(PT29)=FEAT/POINT,CART,60.0981,10.0983,0,0,0,1 CONST/POINT,F(PT29),TR,FA(PT7),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(PT30)=FEAT/POINT,CART,81.1724,17.6542,-12.8177,0.5236,0,0.8519 CONST/POINT,F(PT30),TR,FA(PT8),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(PT31)=FEAT/POINT,CART,80.0394,56.0724,-12.091,0.556,0,0.8312 CONST/POINT,F(PT31),TR,FA(PT9),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(PT32)=FEAT/POINT,CART,94.3066,90.8794,-17.6125,0.1484,0,0.9889 CONST/POINT,F(PT32),TR,FA(PT10),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(PT33)=FEAT/POINT,CART,79.2932,81.2588,-11.5777,0.5773,0,0.8165 CONST/POINT,F(PT33),TR,FA(PT11),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(PT34)=FEAT/POINT,CART,99,93.204,-20.8045,1,0,0 CONST/POINT,F(PT34),TR,FA(PT12),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(PT35)=FEAT/POINT,CART,99,34.0278,-21.1013,1,0,0 CONST/POINT,F(PT35),TR,FA(PT13),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(CR9)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,31.5,31.5,$ 0,0,0,1,20 CONST/CIRCLE,F(CR9),TR,FA(CR1),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(CR10)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,31.5,49.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 CONST/CIRCLE,F(CR10),TR,FA(CR2),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(CR11)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,15.9115,40.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 CONST/CIRCLE,F(CR11),TR,FA(CR3),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(CR12)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,15.9115,22.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 CONST/CIRCLE,F(CR12),TR,FA(CR4),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(CR13)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,31.5,13.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 CONST/CIRCLE,F(CR13),TR,FA(CR5),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(CR14)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,47.0885,22.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 CONST/CIRCLE,F(CR14),TR,FA(CR6),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(CR15)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,47.0885,40.5,$ 0,0,0,1,10 CONST/CIRCLE,F(CR15),TR,FA(CR7),D(PC2),D(PC3) F(CR16)=FEAT/CIRCLE,INNER,CART,52.45,11.55,$ 0,0,0,1,6.796 CONST/CIRCLE,F(CR16),TR,FA(CR8),D(PC2),D(PC3) 来源:山涧果子

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