【新文速递】2024年11月28日复合材料SCI期刊最新文章

   

今日更新：Composite Structures 2 篇，Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 3 篇，Composites Part B: Engineering 9 篇，Composites Science and Technology 3 篇

Composite Structures

An anisotropic gradient damage model with energy limiter for brittle crack propagation in composites

Hung Thanh Tran, Tinh Quoc Bui

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118707

复合材料脆性裂纹扩展的带能量限制的各向异性梯度损伤模型

This work presents a novel anisotropic implicit gradient-enhanced damage model for directional fracture in composites with a single family of fibers. The improvement of anisotropy into the new smeared crack damage model is necessary and meaningful to adequately capture the typical orientation-dependent behavior of cracks in anisotropic media. Under the setting, the relationship between cracks and fiber direction is described through the introduction of a second-order structural tensor. This tensor depends on an anisotropic coefficient and the orientations of the fibers, which in turn control the direction of the simulated cracks. Consistently, the standard isotropic strain energy density function as the damage-driving term is replaced by the anisotropic SED function for the fiber-reinforced composites. With the use of the anisotropic SED function, a proper energy splitting technique is adopted for avoiding nonphysical damage under compression. The final governing equations of the equilibrium and anisotropic diffusive damage evolution equation are solved by means of the standard FEM with the aid of a staggered algorithm. The accuracy and modeling capacity of the developed direction-dependent fracture formulation are demonstrated through a set of representative numerical experiments. It shows that the anisotropic damage model can predict complex directional failure in transversely isotropic materials.

本文提出了一种新的单纤维复合材料定向断裂的各向异性隐式梯度增强损伤模型。将各向异性改进到新的涂抹裂纹损伤模型中，对于充分捕捉各向异性介质中裂纹的典型取向依赖行为是必要和有意义的。在此设置下，通过引入二阶结构张量来描述裂纹与纤维方向的关系。这个张量取决于各向异性系数和纤维的方向，这反过来又控制了模拟裂缝的方向。纤维增强复合材料的损伤驱动项由各向异性的SED函数取代了标准的各向同性应变能密度函数。利用各向异性SED函数，采用适当的能量分裂技术，避免了压缩过程中的非物理损伤。采用标准有限元法，结合交错算法求解了平衡和各向异性扩散损伤演化方程的最终控制方程。通过一组具有代表性的数值实验，验证了所建立的方向相关裂缝公式的准确性和建模能力。结果表明，各向异性损伤模型可以预测横向各向同性材料的复杂定向破坏。

Geometrically nonlinear analysis of composite beams based on global–local superposition

Alfredo R. de Faria, Jürgen A. Baier-Saip, André S. de Lima

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118732

基于全局-局部叠加的组合梁几何非线性分析

A composite beam finite element is designed to capture through-thickness effects, specifically normal stress and strain and transverse shear, in the context of geometrically nonlinear analyses. The starting point for the formulation is a similar element already proposed for linear analyzes based on a global–local superposition approach, where local functions are defined in each layer of the laminate, and global functions are defined along the thickness. The consistency of the kinematic hypotheses is guaranteed by imposing the continuity equations of displacements through the thickness, the force balance equations along the thickness, directly or indirectly, by imposing the continuity of transverse stresses, and by applying the boundary conditions on the lower and upper surfaces of the elements. In the context of nonlinear analyzes, the imposition of continuity of displacements is straightforward. However, the continuity of the transverse stresses needs to be carefully imposed, as the relevant stresses are the second order Piola-Kirchhoff stresses and the strains are the Green-Lagrange strains, consistent with the total Lagrangian approach used. The constitutive equations are written in incremental form and a detailed analysis is conducted to ensure that the stresses and strains involved are physically consistent across the different reference frames employed. In order to assess the accuracy of the numerical model implemented, a unique semi-analytical technique is developed to obtain the response of asymmetrical laminated beams under compression.

在几何非线性分析的背景下，组合梁有限元设计用于捕获贯穿厚度效应，特别是法向应力和应变以及横向剪切。该公式的出发点是基于全局-局部叠加方法的线性分析中已经提出的类似元素，其中在层压板的每一层中定义局部函数，并沿厚度定义全局函数。通过直接或间接地施加位移沿厚度的连续性方程、沿厚度的力平衡方程、施加横向应力的连续性以及在单元的上下表面上应用边界条件，保证了运动学假设的一致性。在非线性分析的背景下，位移连续性的施加是直接的。然而，横向应力的连续性需要小心地施加，因为相关应力是二阶Piola-Kirchhoff应力，应变是格林-拉格朗日应变，与所使用的全拉格朗日方法一致。本构方程以增量形式书写，并进行了详细的分析，以确保所涉及的应力和应变在不同的参考系中是物理一致的。为了评估所实现的数值模型的准确性，开发了一种独特的半解析技术来获得不对称层合梁在压缩下的响应。

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Adjustable-stiffness and programmable shape memory polystyrene composites with elastic fibers for complex structure smart molds

Xiaoyu Du, Fenghua Zhang, Likai Hu, Lan Luo, Zhengxian Liu, Yanju Liu, Jinsong Leng

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108595

具有弹性纤维的可调刚度和可编程形状记忆聚苯乙烯复合材料用于复杂结构的智能模具

Smart molds based on shape memory polymers (SMPs) with active deformation characteristics enable demolding of complex structures in response to external stimuli. However, for large-cavity components, smart molds made of common SMPs often have problems such as limited deformation and being prone to blowing during molding. Based on free radical polymerization, a rigid-flexible cross-linked network structure was constructed, achieving a large deformation up to 370 % for thermosetting shape memory styrene. On this basis, composites with nylon-spandex elastic fiber was prepared. The introduction of ± 45° laid elastic fibers hinders the crack propagation in the matrix and can improve the deformation capacity of the composites. Further, the programmable composites were applied to reusable shape memory smart molds, accomplishing shape convertion from 2D planes to 3D structures and 3D mandrels to 4D deformable components with variable cross-sections, curvatures, and structures, which is expected to pave a new way for smart molds.

基于形状记忆聚合物（SMPs）的智能模具具有主动变形特性，可以根据外部刺 激进行复杂结构的脱模。然而，对于大型腔部件，由普通smp制成的智能模具往往存在变形有限、成型过程中容易吹气等问题。基于自由基聚合，构建了刚柔交联的网络结构，实现了热固性形状记忆苯乙烯的大变形达370 %。在此基础上，制备了尼龙-氨纶弹性纤维复合材料。引入 ± 45°铺放弹性纤维可以抑制裂纹在基体中的扩展，提高复合材料的变形能力。此外，将可编程复合材料应用于可重复使用的形状记忆智能模具，实现了从2D平面到3D结构的形状转换，以及从3D心轴到具有可变截面、曲率和结构的4D可变形部件的形状转换，有望为智能模具铺平新的道路。

Effects of two phosphonamide flame retardants derived from biomass pyridine on flame retardancy and flame-retardant mechanism of Polyamide 6

Yanyan Li, Yikang Wang, Li Cui, Lie Zhao, Youyi Tian, Jiajia Shen, Junfeng Zhang, Huawei Xu, Meifang Zhu

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108616

 

两种生物质吡啶类磷酰胺阻燃剂对聚酰胺6的阻燃性能及阻燃机理的影响

Achieving favorable flame retardancy in polyamide 6 (PA6) without compromising its mechanical performance remains a challenge, with a notable gap in understanding the influence of flame-retardant structure on PA6 properties and mechanisms. In this study, two biomass-derived phosphonamide flame retardants, P,P-diphenyl-N-(pyridin-3-yl) phosphonamide (DPDA) and P,P-Diphenoxy-N-(pyridin-3-yl) phosphonamide (DPPA), were synthesized and incorporated into PA6 to develop flame retardant composites. Results demonstrated that the PA6-9DPDA, containing a P-C bond, achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating with a Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) of 27.9 %, while PA6-9DPPA, containing a P-O-C bond, maintained the UL-94 V-2 rating of pure PA6 but with an increased LOI of 29.4 %. DPPA exhibited a more favorable impact than DPDA on enhancing the tensile performance of PA6. Mechanisms indicated that DPDA primarily operates through vapor phase flame retardancy, whereas DPPA utilizes condensed phase flame retardancy. Overall, this study proposes a sustainable approach for fabricating PA6 composites with enhanced comprehensive performance.

在不影响PA6力学性能的情况下实现良好的阻燃性能仍然是一个挑战，在了解阻燃结构对PA6性能和机理的影响方面存在明显的空白。本研究合成了两种生物质衍生的磷酰胺阻燃剂，P，P-二苯氧基- n-（吡啶-3-基）磷酰胺（DPDA）和P，P-二苯氧基- n-（吡啶-3-基）磷酰胺（DPPA），并将其掺入PA6中制备阻燃复合材料。结果表明，含有P-C键的PA6- 9dpda达到了UL-94 V-0等级，极限氧指数（LOI）为27.9 %，而含有P-O-C键的PA6- 9dppa保持了纯PA6的UL-94 V-2等级，但LOI增加了29.4 %。DPPA对PA6拉伸性能的提高效果优于DPDA。机理表明，DPDA主要通过气相阻燃作用，而DPPA主要通过凝聚相阻燃作用。总的来说，本研究提出了一种可持续的方法来制造具有增强综合性能的PA6复合材料。

Bioactive glass empowered growable composite resin enabling a seamless dental caries filling

Baokui Li, Jilin Wu, Yanmei Dong, Dong Qiu

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108621

生物活性玻璃增强可生长复合树脂，使龋齿无缝填充

Direct composite resin restoration is the primary treatment for dental caries. However, the polymerization contraction of resin usually results in microgap formation at the resin/dentin interface, which inevitably accommodates cariogenic bacteria and their biofilm, thus eventually leading to secondary caries, one of the most important causes accounting for the failure of dental restoration. Inhibiting cariogenic bacteria adhesion and promoting dentin remineralization are common approaches to prevent secondary caries. However, the former is prone to cause unexpected side-effects and the latter can only temporarily slow down, but not completely prevent the development of secondary caries. Therefore, strategies to avoid these microgaps, thus preventing secondary caries are highly demanding. Here, we developed a growable dental composite resin, which is characterized by its fast formation of large quantity of hydroxyapatite upon reacting with physiological medium, for example, saliva or body fluid, empowered by bioactive glass fillers. The newly formed hydroxyapatite provides a perfect sealing of resin/dentin microgaps, successfully achieving a seamless dental caries filling. The moderate hydrophobic modification on the surface of bioactive glass enables the composite resin to possess excellent mechanical properties, thereby overcoming the contradiction between their mineralization capability and interfacial compatibility. This work provides an innovative and facile approach to tackle the challenge of secondary dental caries, thus may have immediate clinical significance.

直接复合树脂修复是龋齿的主要治疗方法。然而树脂的聚合收缩通常会导致树脂/牙本质界面形成微间隙，不可避免地容纳致龋细菌及其生物膜，最终导致继发性龋病，这是导致牙体修复失败的最重要原因之一。抑制牙本质细菌粘附和促进牙本质再矿化是预防继发性龋齿的常用方法。然而，前者容易引起意想不到的副作用，后者只能暂时减缓，而不能完全防止继发性龋齿的发展。因此，如何避免这些微间隙，从而预防继发性龋齿是非常必要的。在这里，我们开发了一种可生长的牙科复合树脂，其特点是在与生理介质（例如唾液或体液）反应时快速形成大量羟基磷灰石，并通过生物活性玻璃填料增强。新形成的羟基磷灰石提供了树脂/牙本质微间隙的完美密封，成功地实现了无缝的蛀牙填充。对生物活性玻璃表面进行适度疏水改性，使复合树脂具有优异的力学性能，从而克服了其矿化能力与界面相容性之间的矛盾。这项工作为解决继发性龋齿的挑战提供了一种创新和简便的方法，因此可能具有直接的临床意义。

Composites Part B: Engineering

Anisotropic Structural Carbon Nanotube Aerogels for Piezoresistive Strain Sensors with Multidirectional Sensitivity

Dong Li, Haomin Wang, Zhaoyang Han, Qianru Wu, Xuan Lv, Yingying Zhang, Mengyu Wang, Zhibo Li, Maoshuai He

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112028

 

用于多向敏感压阻应变传感器的各向异性结构碳纳米管气凝胶

Piezoresistive-type flexible strain sensors that accurately translate strain into resistance variation are gaining significant attention for their potential applications in healthcare, sports monitoring, and human-machine interfaces. However, most reported sensors can only respond to strain in specific directions. Multidirectional or even omnidirectional strain sensing is highly desirable but remains a challenge. In this work, we developed high-performance multidirectional piezoresistive strain sensors based on an anisotropic structural carbon nanotube aerogel (CNTA) infilled with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The resulting CNTA/PDMS composites inherit the electrically conductive and deformation-sensitive network of the anisotropic CNTA, leading to high and anisotropic sensitivity to mechanical deformation. In the perpendicular microchannel direction, the gauge factor of CNTA/PDMS is as high as 30 upon 2% compressive strain. These properties make the CNTA/PDMS composite a high-performance piezoresistive sensor for monitoring human body motion in a multidirectional sensing manner.

压阻式柔性应变传感器可以准确地将应变转换为电阻变化，因此在医疗保健、运动监测和人机界面方面的潜在应用备受关注。然而，大多数已报道的传感器只能对特定方向的应变作出反应。多向甚至全向应变传感是非常可取的，但仍然是一个挑战。在这项工作中，我们开发了基于各向异性结构碳纳米管气凝胶（CNTA）填充聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）的高性能多向压阻应变传感器。由此制备的CNTA/PDMS复合材料继承了各向异性CNTA的导电变形敏感网络，对机械变形具有高的各向异性敏感性。在垂直微通道方向上，压缩应变为2%时，CNTA/PDMS的应变系数高达30。这些特性使CNTA/PDMS复合材料成为一种高性能压阻式传感器，用于以多向传感方式监测人体运动。

Integration of MOF/COF core-shell composite material with wrinkled supramolecular hydrogel: A portable electrochemical sensing platform for noradrenaline bitartrate detection

Wang Sun, Guorong Sun, Junyan Liu, Xiang Huang, Yang Wang

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112029

MOF/COF核壳复合材料与皱褶超分子水凝胶的集成：一种便携式去甲肾上腺素双酒石酸盐检测电化学传感平台

Predictably integration of rigid powder nanocrystals with flexible soft materials for rapid, accurate and portable detection of biological small molecules is an ongoing goal of researchers. In this research, the MOF/COF core-shell composite material (MIL-88B(FeCu)/COF) was constructed via monomer-mediated solvothermal approach. Subsequently, the MIL-88B(FeCu)/COF was effectively combined with chitosan-acrylamide based wrinkled supramolecular hydrogel to form a unique rigid-flexible composite material (MIL(FeCu)/COF@Hy). Next, the noradrenaline bitartrate (NB) was selected as a target molecule for electrochemical behavioral assessment. Of note, the portable electrochemical sensing platform constructed in this study does not require the use of solutions (chitosan or Nafion) to seal the electrode materials, and the portable device provides sufficient convenience for NB detection. And the excellent linear window (0.06 - 10 and 10 - 1600 μmol/L), sensitivity (0.0645 and 0.0729 μA⋅μM⋅cm-2), detection limit (0.02 μmol/L) and anti-interference stability can be achieved. The outstanding electrochemical behaviors may be ascribed to: 1) hydrogel matrix significantly improves the dispersion of MOF/COF composite materials and avoids its agglomeration; 2) there are abundant diffusion paths in the hydrogel nanocomposite; 3) the synergistic catalytic effect of MOF/COF and hydrogel. In short, the combination of this heterostructured MOF/COF composite materials and hydrogel soft materials will provide a valuable reference for the rapid detection of biomolecules.

将刚性粉末纳米晶体与柔性软材料相结合，用于快速、准确和便携式的生物小分子检测，是研究人员不断追求的目标。本研究通过单体介导的溶剂热法构建了MIL-88B(FeCu)/COF核壳复合材料。随后，将MIL- 88b (FeCu)/COF与壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺基褶皱超分子水凝胶有效结合，形成独特的刚柔复合材料（MIL(FeCu)/COF@Hy）。其次，选择重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素（NB）作为电化学行为评价的靶分子。值得注意的是，本研究构建的便携式电化学传感平台不需要使用溶液（壳聚糖或Nafion）来密封电极材料，便携式装置为NB检测提供了足够的便利。具有良好的线性窗口（0.06 ~ 10和10 ~ 1600 μmol/L）、灵敏度（0.0645和0.0729 μA⋅μM⋅cm-2）、检出限（0.02 μmol/L）和抗干扰稳定性。这种优异的电化学性能可归因于：1)水凝胶基质显著改善了MOF/COF复合材料的分散性，避免了其团聚；2)水凝胶纳米复合材料具有丰富的扩散路径；3) MOF/COF与水凝胶的协同催化作用。总之，这种异质结构MOF/COF复合材料与水凝胶软材料的结合将为生物分子的快速检测提供有价值的参考。

Inflammation-regulated and nutrient-supplied scaffolds promote bone regeneration in diabetic microenvironment in vivo

Zhaoyi Wang, Qifeng Jiang, Yue Xi, Zhijian Yang, Shifen Li, Tong Zhou, Shuqin Wang, Guoli Yang, Ying Wang, Changyou Gao

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112003

炎症调节和营养供给支架促进体内糖尿病微环境中的骨再生

The harsh microenvironment of persistent inflammation and insufficient nutrient supply in diabetic organism impedes severely the osteogenic differentiation. Current management on diabetic microenvironment regulation has been focused on glycemic control and eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is inefficient to modulate the harsh diabetic microenvironment to promote bone regeneration. Herein, a surface-functionalized black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs)-coated ROS-scavenging scaffold was designed for the bone healing in type-2 diabetic rats by contributing to nutrient provision, osteogenesis, and anti-inflammation. The BPNSs/tannic acid (TA) were surface coated with cyclodextrin loaded with simvastatin (SIM)/4-carboxy-2-fluorobenzeneboronic acid (FPBA)-grafted hyperbranched poly-L-lysine (HBPL), which were further modified onto the pore walls of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffold. The BPNSs gradually degraded to release phosphate, which served as an important component of bone, and together with the released SIM, synergistically promoted osteogenesis differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in a β-glycerophosphate-free medium. The TA and FPBA on the scaffold alleviated the inflammatory environment by ROS depletion and downregulating inflammatory factors, resulting in better bone regeneration in skull defects of diabetic rats in vivo. The remarkable outcomes in vivo verify that the scaffold containing functionalized BPNSs provides an effective strategy for diabetic bone regeneration.

糖尿病机体持续炎症的恶劣微环境和营养供给不足严重阻碍了成骨分化。目前对糖尿病微环境调节的管理主要集中在控制血糖和消除活性氧（reactive oxygen species， ROS）上，这对于调节糖尿病恶劣的微环境来促进骨再生是低效的。本研究设计了一种表面功能化黑磷纳米片（BPNSs）涂层的ros清除支架，通过提供营养、成骨和抗炎症来促进2型糖尿病大鼠的骨愈合。将环糊精负载辛伐他汀(SIM)/4-羧基-2-氟苯硼酸（FPBA）接枝的超支化聚l -赖氨酸（HBPL）在BPNSs/单宁酸（TA）表面进行包覆，并将其进一步修饰在聚乳酸-羟基乙酸酯（PLGA）支架的孔壁上。BPNSs逐渐降解释放骨的重要成分磷酸盐，并与释放的SIM一起协同促进MC3T3-E1细胞在无β-甘油磷酸酯的培养基中成骨分化。支架上的TA和FPBA通过消耗ROS，下调炎症因子，减轻炎症环境，使糖尿病大鼠颅骨缺损在体内有更好的骨再生。在体内的显著结果验证了含有功能化BPNSs的支架为糖尿病骨再生提供了一种有效的策略。

Interlaminar fracture toughness and impact resistance of carbon fiber reinforced composite with magnetic aligned CNTs

Jin Lai, Yifeng Yu, Xiaoyu Zhang, Wei Qiang, Xin Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112008

磁性取向碳纳米管碳纤维增强复合材料的层间断裂韧性和抗冲击性能

This study draws inspiration from Z-pins employed in fiber composites. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates modified with Z-oriented carbon nanotubes (Z-CNTs) were fabricated utilizing a magnetic field orientation technique. The interlaminar fracture toughness, impact resistance and damage tolerance of CFRP modified with Z-CNTs were evaluated through end-notched flexure (ENF), low-velocity impact (LVI) tests, and compression after impact (CAI) testing. The enhancement mechanisms were investigated using multiscale techniques, including digital image correlation (DIC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), molecular dynamics (MD), and finite element (FE) simulations. CFRP modified with 0.3 wt.% CNTs showed optimum interlaminar fracture toughness, which improved by 62.9% in CNT-random samples compared to non-modified samples and further enhanced by 95.2% in CNT-oriented samples. The DIC and SEM analysis revealed the enhancement mechanism of Z-CNTs in fracture toughness, including (1) enlarging the toughness deformation of resin; (2) broadening the fracture process zone to dissipate the energy; and (3) shifting the failure mode of CNTs from pull-out dominance to fracture dominance. Furthermore, MD simulations showed that the crack propagation location significantly influences the different enhancement mechanisms exhibited by CNTs, which was accord with SEM observations. LVI and CAI tests indicated that specimens modified with Z-CNTs exhibit greater impact resistance and damage tolerance. FE simulation revealed that the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness plays a dominant role in the impact resistance of the laminate. These findings provide an effective strategy and theoretical supports for the design of impact resistance of composite laminates.

本研究从纤维复合材料中使用的z形销中获得灵感。采用磁场定向技术制备了z向碳纳米管（Z-CNTs）改性碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）复合材料。通过端缺口弯曲（ENF）、低速冲击（LVI）试验和冲击后压缩（CAI）试验，对Z-CNTs改性CFRP的层间断裂韧性、抗冲击性和损伤容限进行了评价。利用数字图像相关（DIC）、扫描电镜（SEM）、分子动力学（MD）和有限元（FE）模拟等多尺度技术研究了增强机制。经0.3 wt.%碳纳米管改性的CFRP具有最佳的层间断裂韧性，与未改性的样品相比，碳纳米管随机样品的断裂韧性提高了62.9%，而面向碳纳米管的样品则进一步提高了95.2%。通过DIC和SEM分析揭示了Z-CNTs对树脂断裂韧性的增强机理，主要表现在：(1)扩大树脂的韧性变形；(2)拓宽断裂过程区以耗散能量；(3)将CNTs的失效模式从以拔出为主转变为以断裂为主。此外，MD模拟表明，裂纹扩展位置显著影响CNTs表现出的不同增强机制，这与SEM观察结果一致。LVI和CAI试验表明，经Z-CNTs改性的试样具有更强的抗冲击性和损伤容限。有限元模拟结果表明，层间II型断裂韧性对层合板的抗冲击性能起主导作用。这些研究结果为复合材料层合板的抗冲击设计提供了有效的策略和理论支持。

An organic-inorganic interface structure for CFRP and the enhancement of mechanical properties at room/high temperature

Yuchen Tong, Zhufeng Hu, Wen Zhao, Duo Wang, Huijuan Bai, Junbo Xu, Chao Yang

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112009

 

CFRP的有机-无机界面结构及其室温/高温力学性能的增强

The performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) depends on various factors, with particular emphasis on the intricate microscopic interface. Through the combined interface modification by nanomaterials (ZrO2) and polyimide (PI), an organic-inorganic interface enhanced structure of CFRP with phenolic resin (PR) have been successfully devised and fabricated. The analysis encompassed the surface morphology, contact angle and surface energy of carbon fibers (CF), aimed at characterizing the interaction of grafted ZrO2/PI on interfacial properties. Single fiber pull-out testing was employed to ascertain both the failure mode of the interface and the interfacial shear strength (IFSS). The results revealed that the surface modification augmented the IFSS by 70%. The fortified organic-inorganic interface layer resulted in enhancements of 14% and 15% in tensile strength and flexural strength, respectively, in comparison to untreated CFRP. Moreover, even under high-temperature condition (300 °C), the tensile properties of modified CFRP exhibited only 22%-26% reduction, which demonstrated the advantages of composites in harsh environments. This can be primarily attributed to the strengthened layers of ZrO2/PI, which securely anchored the matrix and reinforcement, thereby mitigating stress concentration in CFRP under extreme conditions.

碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）的性能取决于多种因素，特别是复杂的微观界面。通过纳米材料（ZrO2）和聚酰亚胺（PI）的复合界面改性，成功地设计并制备了酚醛树脂（PR） CFRP的有机-无机界面增强结构。分析了碳纤维的表面形貌、接触角和表面能，旨在表征接枝ZrO2/PI对界面性能的相互作用。采用单纤维拉拔试验确定界面破坏模式和界面抗剪强度。结果表明，表面改性使IFSS提高了70%。与未经处理的CFRP相比，强化的有机-无机界面层的拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别提高了14%和15%。此外，即使在高温条件下（300℃），改性CFRP的拉伸性能也仅下降22%-26%，显示了复合材料在恶劣环境下的优势。这主要归因于ZrO2/PI的强化层，它安全地锚定了基体和钢筋，从而减轻了CFRP在极端条件下的应力集中。

Magnetic isocyanate-based polyimide composite foam for efficient microwave absorption

Shuangshuang Li, Tiantian Ma, Mingyang Zhu, Yezi Lu, Xinwei Tang, Wei Li, Wei Hong, Siyuan Yang, Yufei Li, Penglun Zheng, Xu Zhang, Zicheng Wang, Tianxi Liu

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112011

 

磁性异氰酸酯基聚酰亚胺复合泡沫高效微波吸收

Developing and fabricating high-performance microwave absorption materials with excellent comprehensive properties becomes an urgent necessity. In this work, a facile magnetic isocyanate-based polyimide foam with strong interfacial interaction is fabricated by vacuum-impregnating carbon nanotube (CNT)/anisotropic iron flake polyamide acid (PAA)-suspension on the surface of the skeleton. The successful loading of conductive CNT and anisotropic iron flake can facilitate the optimization of impedance matching and the generation of multiple loss mechanisms in foam, endowing it with an efficient microwave absorption performance. More importantly, self-enhancement effect of PAA as the precursor of polyimide significantly reinforces the interfacial interaction between foam and CNT/anisotropic iron flake, due to the similar molecular structure with the isocyanate-based polyimide. The strong interfacial interaction combined with their intrinsic properties further contributes to the improvement of stability and durability, such as high/low-temperature, corrosion, and flame resistance. Therefore, such excellent comprehensive performance makes it possible to become a promising defense material to be applied in harsh marine environments.

开发和制造综合性能优良的高性能微波吸收材料已成为迫切需要。在这项工作中，通过真空浸渍碳纳米管(CNT)/各向异性铁片聚酰胺（PAA）悬浮液在骨架表面制备了具有强界面相互作用的易磁性异氰酸酯基聚酰亚胺泡沫。导电碳纳米管和各向异性铁片的成功加载有助于泡沫中阻抗匹配的优化和多种损耗机制的产生，使其具有高效的微波吸收性能。更重要的是，PAA作为聚酰亚胺前驱体的自增强效应显著增强了泡沫与碳纳米管/各向异性铁片之间的界面相互作用，因为其分子结构与异氰酸酯基聚酰亚胺相似。强的界面相互作用与它们的内在特性相结合，进一步有助于提高稳定性和耐久性，如高/低温，耐腐蚀性和阻燃性。因此，这种优异的综合性能使其有可能成为一种有前途的国防材料，应用于恶劣的海洋环境。

Impact resistance of biomimetic gradient sinusoidal composites by 3D printing: Tunable structural stiffness and damage tolerance

Junfan Shang, Fei Liu, Jiarui Zhang, Baoning Chang, Chenkai Zhu, Wuxiang Zhang, Yingdan Zhu, Xilun Ding

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112016

3D打印仿生梯度正弦复合材料的抗冲击性能：可调结构刚度和损伤容限

Taking inspiration from the remarkable impact resistance of the dactyl club of Odontodactylus scyllarus and utilizing the material extrusion-based 3D printing process for continuous fiber reinforced composites (CFRCs), the biomimetic gradient sinusoidal CFRCs (BGS-CFRCs) was designed and manufactured. This material combines the bidirectional sinusoidal structure with a gradient layering configuration, mimicking the natural design found in the dactyl club. Experimental tests revealed that BGS-CFRCs achieved a Charpy impact strength of up to 63.24 kJ/m2, surpassing flat-layered polylactic acid (PLA) and continuous carbon fiber reinforced PLA (CCF/PLA) specimens by 143% and 80%, respectively. Moreover, BGS-CFRCs exhibited tunable structural stiffness and damage tolerance. This can be attributed to the innovative in-plane fiber architecture and out-of-plane material gradient, revealing the synergistic effects of composite materials, bidirectional sinusoidal structure, and gradient layering configuration. Overall, this study combines multi-degree-of-freedom 3D printing of CFRCs with biomimetic structural design, providing new dimensions of design space. This breakthrough surpasses the limitations of traditional additive manufacturing techniques and structural design of composites, opening new possibilities for developing next-generation high-performance structural materials.

受齿齿趾突的抗冲击性启发，利用基于材料挤压的连续纤维增强复合材料（CFRCs） 3D打印技术，设计制造了仿生梯度正弦CFRCs （BGS-CFRCs）。这种材料结合了双向正弦结构和梯度分层配置，模仿了dactyl球杆的自然设计。实验结果表明，BGS-CFRCs的夏比冲击强度高达63.24 kJ/m2，分别比扁平层聚乳酸（PLA）和连续碳纤维增强PLA （CCF/PLA）试样高143%和80%。此外，BGS-CFRCs具有可调的结构刚度和损伤容限。这可以归因于创新的面内纤维结构和面外材料梯度，揭示了复合材料、双向正弦结构和梯度分层配置的协同效应。总体而言，本研究将CFRCs的多自由度3D打印与仿生结构设计相结合，提供了新的设计空间维度。这一突破突破了传统增材制造技术和复合材料结构设计的局限性，为开发下一代高性能结构材料开辟了新的可能性。

Understanding interfacial crystallization dynamics on carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene composite manufacturing

Kendra A. Allen, Logan T. Kearney, Sumit Gupta, Hicham Ghossein, Jong K. Keum, Joshua T. Damron, Holly E. Humphrey, Uday Vaidya, Amit K. Naskar

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112027

碳纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料界面结晶动力学研究

Reinforcing polymers with discontinuous fibers improves mechanical properties, such as strength and stiffness, and in some cases achieve isotropic properties, rendering them suitable for various engineering applications. Matrix materials are generally highly engineered thermosets (e.g. crosslinked epoxies), bonded to the fiber periphery by proprietary surface and sizing chemistries. Semicrystalline thermoplastic matrices are less utilized due to poor fiber-matrix bonding resulting in inefficient interfacial load-transfer in reinforced composites. However, flexibility with melt-processing or molding conditions can be leveraged to promote non-covalent interfacial bonding between matrix and fiber via crystallization of the matrix onto fiber surface. In the present study, we utilize a co-mingle chopped carbon and isotactic polypropylene fibers to form isotropic composites, tailoring interfacial immobilized matrix or interphase morphology to optimize performance through precise control of thermal processing/molding windows. Calorimetry and optical microscopy were employed to investigate the impact of carbon fiber at various volume fractions (10, 20, and 30%) on isotactic polypropylene crystallization and mechanical performance. Variations in mechanical properties correspond to the structural evolution of the interfacial region and are correlated to underlying microstructural attributes using wide-angle X-ray scattering, thermal analysis, and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These results provide a practical framework for the manufacturing of thermoplastic matrix composites. The results presented provide a guide for the strategic optimization of interphase design, showcasing tailorable tensile strengths which outperform any isotactic polypropylene carbon fiber composites previously reported in literature.

用不连续纤维增强聚合物可以提高机械性能，如强度和刚度，在某些情况下可以实现各向同性，使其适用于各种工程应用。基体材料通常是高度工程化的热固性材料（例如交联环氧树脂），通过专有的表面和上浆化学物质粘合到纤维外围。在增强复合材料中，由于纤维-基体结合不良导致界面载荷传递效率低下，半晶热塑性基体的利用率较低。然而，熔融加工或成型条件下的灵活性可以通过基体在纤维表面的结晶来促进基体和纤维之间的非共价界面键合。在本研究中，我们利用共混切碳和等规聚丙烯纤维形成各向同性复合材料，通过精确控制热处理/成型窗口来调整界面固定基体或界面相形态以优化性能。采用量热法和光学显微镜研究了不同体积分数（10%、20%和30%）的碳纤维对聚丙烯等规结晶和力学性能的影响。利用广角x射线散射、热分析和低场核磁共振波谱分析，力学性能的变化与界面区域的结构演变相对应，并与潜在的微观结构属性相关联。这些结果为热塑性基复合材料的制造提供了一个实用的框架。所提出的结果为界面设计的战略优化提供了指导，展示了可定制的拉伸强度，优于以往文献报道的任何等规聚丙烯碳纤维复合材料。

Design and Manufacture of Structure-Function Integrated Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics for Composite Construction

Zhongyuan Shi, Qingxin Ma, Xu Liu, Yuan Li, Yan Lu, Wenxi Wang, Qigang Han

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112030

复合材料结构用结构-功能一体化碳纤维增强塑料的设计与制造

Structure-function integrated composite can replace traditional structural components to bear loads, offering an innovative solution to reduce overall weight while storing energy in aircraft composite wings. The structural electrolyte featuring high ionic conductivity and tough mechanical properties is one of the vital components to realize high-performance multifunctional structural composite batteries. Herein, a functional ternary hydrogel electrolyte (i.e., MAP electrolyte) is elaborately engineered through the strategical incorporation of multiple hydrogen bonding among polyacrylamide (PAM) with rigid-reinforcing aramid nanofibers (ANFs) and ion-conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets. Accordingly, the ANFs fortify the fracture toughness and self-healing properties of MAP hydrogel, and the MXene enables a doubled ionic conductivity of MAP electrolyte (32.48 mS cm-1) than that of pure PAM (16.18 mS cm-1). In addition, the capacity retention of the MAP-based full cell (81.9 %) is double of the liquid electrolyte (40.6 %) within 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1. Impressively, the MAP electrolyte remarkably enhances the flexural performance of structural batteries, with a flexural modulus (14.5 GPa) nearly three times that of structural batteries with liquid electrolytes (5.3 GPa) due to hydrogen-bonded ANFs. Simulation results and mechanical-electrochemical tests further underscore the imperative functions of MAP electrolyte as a structural component to empower the stiffness and maintain the integrity of structural batteries. Moreover, fabricating curved wing scaled components utilizing multi-point flexible forming technology demonstrates the practical feasibility of replacing structural components with complex shapes. This work will expedite the exploitation of structural battery prototypes and their real applications in EVs, UAVs, and electric-powered maritime vehicles.

结构功能一体化复合材料可以取代传统的结构部件来承受载荷，为飞机复合材料机翼提供了一种创新的解决方案，既减轻了整体重量，又能储存能量。具有高离子电导率和高力学性能的结构电解质是实现高性能多功能结构复合电池的重要组成部分之一。本文通过在聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、刚性增强芳纶纳米纤维（ANFs）和离子导电Ti3C2Tx MXene纳米片之间战略性地结合多个氢键，精心设计了一种功能性三元水凝胶电解质（即MAP电解质）。因此，ANFs增强了MAP水凝胶的断裂韧性和自愈性能，MXene使MAP电解质的离子电导率（32.48 mS cm-1）比纯PAM （16.18 mS cm-1）提高了一倍。此外，在1a - g-1的1000次循环中，基于map的全电池的容量保持率（81.9%）是液体电解质（40.6%）的两倍。令人印象深刻的是，MAP电解质显著提高了结构电池的弯曲性能，由于氢键ANFs，其弯曲模量（14.5 GPa）几乎是液体电解质结构电池（5.3 GPa）的三倍。仿真结果和机械电化学测试进一步强调了MAP电解质作为结构部件在增强结构电池刚度和保持结构电池完整性方面的重要作用。此外，利用多点柔性成形技术制造弯曲机翼尺度部件，证明了替代复杂形状结构部件的实际可行性。这项工作将加快结构电池原型的开发及其在电动汽车、无人机和电动海上车辆中的实际应用。

Composites Science and Technology

Lightweight and Mechanically Strong MXene-Based Microcellular Nanocomposite Foams for Integrated Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Thermal Management

Zhonglei Ma, Ruochu Jiang, Yu Zhang, Li Ma, Yang Bai, Kefan Zhang, Xinpei Zuo, Yue Zuo, Haoyu Jing, Jianbin Qin, Guangcheng Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110988

 

用于集成电磁干扰屏蔽和热管理的轻质、机械强度高的mxene基微孔纳米复合泡沫材料

Lightweight and mechanically strong multifunctional nanocomposites with integrated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and thermal management capacities are urgently required for protection of emerging aerospace, portable smart electronics and telecommunication devices. Herein, the lightweight, mechanically strong and flame-retardant microcellular aramid nanofiber/Ti3C2Tx MXene (ANF/Ti3C2Tx) nanocomposite foams are developed for integrated EMI shielding and thermal management by the feasible hydrogen bonding assembly, vacuum-assisted filtration and thermal treatment strategy using the solid sacrificial templates. Thanks to the synchronous construction of three-dimensional (3D) continuous conductive networks and microcellular structures, the microcellular nanocomposite foams possess low mass density of 0.29 g/cm3, superior EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 64.9 dB, and high EMI SE/t of 10970.3 dB·cm2/g, as well as outstanding mechanical properties with an improved tensile strength of 16.5 MPa and excellent flame retardancy. Moreover, the microcellular nanocomposite foams show excellent thermal management performances with intelligently tailorable Joule heating temperatures at low voltages and significant working reliability. Therefore, the lightweight, mechanically strong and flame-retardant MXene-based microcellular nanocomposite foams are promising for emerging EMI shielding and thermal management applications in aerospace, portable smart electronics and telecommunication devices.

具有集成电磁干扰（EMI）屏蔽和热管理能力的轻质、机械强度强的多功能纳米复合材料是新兴航空航天、便携式智能电子和电信设备保护的迫切需要。在此基础上，通过可行的氢键组装、真空辅助过滤和固体牺牲模板热处理策略，开发了轻质、机械强度高、阻燃的微孔芳纶纳米纤维/Ti3C2Tx MXene （ANF/Ti3C2Tx）纳米复合泡沫材料，用于集成电磁干扰屏蔽和热管理。由于三维（3D）连续导电网络和微孔结构的同步构建，微孔纳米复合泡沫具有低质量密度0.29 g/cm3，优异的电磁干扰屏蔽效能（EMI SE）为64.9 dB，高电磁干扰SE/t为10970.3 dB·cm2/g，以及优异的力学性能，抗拉强度提高到16.5 MPa，阻燃性能优异。此外，微孔纳米复合泡沫具有优异的热管理性能，具有智能定制的低电压焦耳加热温度和显著的工作可靠性。因此，轻质、机械强度强、阻燃的mxene基微孔纳米复合泡沫材料在航空航天、便携式智能电子和电信设备的新兴EMI屏蔽和热管理应用中很有前景。

Multi-scale numerical calculations for the interphase mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites

Zheng Li, Bo Wang, Peng Hao, Kaifan Du, Zebei Mao, Tong Li

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110982

 

碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料相间力学性能的多尺度数值计算

This study employs a multi-scale numerical calculations method based on molecular dynamics and finite element modeling to investigate the stress transfer mechanisms within the interphase of unidirectional (UD) carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymers (CFRTP) composites, based on which exponential decay model (EDM) was developed to predict the interphase strength and modulus. Revealing that the interphase strength and modulus are approximately 0.5 to 0.7 times that of the fibre/interphase interface or 1.2 to 1.7 times matrix. The EDM was validated using a coupled experimental-representative volume element modeling method. By calibrating the interphase fracture energy, the mechanical properties predicted by the EDM aligned well with the experimental results of UD CFRTP composites. Finally, the damage evolution and failure modes were analyzed, revealing that the transverse failure of UD CFRTP composites is dominated by the interphase, while longitudinal failure is primarily governed by the fibers, consistent with scanning electron microscope observations. This confirms the accuracy of the EDM, and application this method can be used to quickly and accurately assess the strength and modulus of the interphase in CFRTP composites to significantly reduce the numerical analysis time.

本研究采用基于分子动力学和有限元建模的多尺度数值计算方法研究了单向碳纤维增强热塑性聚合物（CFRTP）复合材料界面内的应力传递机制，并在此基础上建立了预测界面强度和模量的指数衰减模型（EDM）。界面强度和模量约为纤维/界面的0.5 ~ 0.7倍或基体的1.2 ~ 1.7倍。采用实验-代表性体元耦合建模方法对电火花加工进行了验证。通过对相间断裂能的标定，电火花预测的力学性能与UD CFRTP复合材料的实验结果吻合较好。最后，对UD CFRTP复合材料的损伤演化和破坏模式进行了分析，结果与扫描电镜观察结果一致，表明UD CFRTP复合材料的横向破坏主要受界面破坏主导，而纵向破坏主要受纤维破坏主导。这证实了电火花加工的准确性，应用该方法可以快速准确地评估CFRTP复合材料界面相的强度和模量，大大减少了数值分析时间。

Characterization and modelling of the microstructural and mechanical properties of additively manufactured continuous fiber polymer composites

Pietro Cuccarollo, Alessandro Pontefisso, Paolo Andrea Carraro, Marino Quaresimin

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110986

 

增材制造连续纤维聚合物复合材料微观结构和力学性能的表征和建模

The additive manufacturing of continuous fiber reinforced polymer composites is a technology showing great potential for the production of end-use functional components. The reasons for its still limited use are primarily related to an insufficient knowledge of the mechanical behavior of these composites, especially when considering the features that distinguish the printed components from conventional composite parts. Among these peculiar features, their bead-based architecture has been experimentally and analytically investigated in this study. Following an analysis of the process-morphology correlation, carbon fiber (CF) / polyamide 12 (PA12) specimens were tested to characterize the in-plane quasi-static material properties. Then, a modelling framework has been proposed for assessing the composite elastic properties and average bead stresses. This framework holds the potential to scale up to a structural level, accommodating various fiber trajectories.

连续纤维增强聚合物复合材料的增材制造技术在最终用途功能部件的生产中显示出巨大的潜力。其使用仍然有限的原因主要与对这些复合材料的机械行为的了解不足有关，特别是在考虑到将打印部件与传统复合材料部件区分开来的特征时。在这些独特的特征中，本研究对其基于头部的结构进行了实验和分析研究。在分析了工艺-形貌相关性之后，对碳纤维(CF) /聚酰胺12 （PA12）试样进行了面内准静态材料性能测试。然后，提出了一种评估复合材料弹性性能和平均头应力的建模框架。该框架具有扩展到结构水平的潜力，可容纳各种纤维轨迹。