今日更新:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 1 篇,International Journal of Plasticity 1 篇,Thin-Walled Structures 6 篇
On the origin of Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state theory in hydrostatic strain energy model for rubber-like materials
Chang Liu, Haibao Lu
doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2023.105533
论橡胶类材料静水应变能模型中桑切斯-拉孔布状态方程理论的起源
To capture the volume deformation of rubber-like materials, the strain energy density (SED) function of a compressible hyperelastic model is formulated as the hydrostatic/liquid-like term from interchain interaction changes plus the compressible elastic term owing to elastic deformation of crosslinking network. Notably, the former term dominates volume responses. Although the physics of the hydrostatic term is relatively clear, to our knowledge, few physically-based models are available. However, in our previous work (Liu and Lu, 2023), we constructed a physically-based hydrostatic SED function inspired by the Flory-Orwoll-Vrij equation of state (EOS) theory for pure polymer fluids, and proposed the general strategy for developing hydrostatic functions according to the EOS theories. Sanchez-Lacombe EOS theory (note: a type of lattice-fluid EOS theory) inspired this work. We assume: (i) a rubber-like material consists of polymer segments occupying lattice sites and unoccupied/vacant lattice sites, and the compressibility of the material corresponds to changes in vacant sites fraction; (ii) the hydrostatic strain energy is associated with the interchain interaction energy change and the mixing entropy change between network and vacant sites. According to the Helmholtz free energy in Sanchez-Lacombe EOS theory and limiting our attention to the isothermal condition, another physically-based hydrostatic SED function is constructed; a specific compressible hyperelastic model is provided by further combining compressible 8-chain elastic SED function. The basic framework of this compressible model is inherently consistent with the Flory-Rehner framework for swollen elastomers. Our model provides good predictions for volume deformation data of ten different rubber-like materials in hydrostatic compression (HC), uniaxial tension (UT), and constrained uniaxial compression (CUC). The proposed model reveals that HC, CUC, or uniaxial compression correspond to the entropy-decreasing process and they all are controlled by entropy changes; while for UT, equibiaxial tension, or pure shear, the entropy first increases and then decreases, and the interchain interaction energy and entropy changes control the responses for initial small stretches and remaining large stretches, respectively. This study aims to provide a new physical insight and a valid physically-based hydrostatic SED function for the compressibility of rubber-like materials.
为了捕捉类橡胶材料的体积变形,可压缩超弹性模型的应变能密度(SED)函数被表述为链间相互作用变化产生的静水/类液项加上交联网络弹性变形产生的可压缩弹性项。值得注意的是,前者在体积反应中占主导地位。虽然流体静力学项的物理原理相对清晰,但据我们所知,目前还没有基于物理原理的模型。不过,在我们之前的工作(Liu 和 Lu,2023 年)中,我们受 Flory-Orwoll-Vrij 纯聚合物流体状态方程(EOS)理论的启发,构建了基于物理的静力学 SED 函数,并提出了根据 EOS 理论开发静力学函数的一般策略。Sanchez-Lacombe EOS 理论(注:一种晶格流体 EOS 理论)启发了这项工作。我们假设:(i) 类橡胶材料由占据晶格位点和未占据/空置晶格位点的聚合物段组成,材料的可压缩性与空置位点分数的变化相对应;(ii) 流体静力应变能与链间相互作用能变化以及网络和空置位点之间的混合熵变化相关联。根据 Sanchez-Lacombe EOS 理论中的亥姆霍兹自由能,并将我们的注意力限制在等温条件下,构建了另一种基于物理的静水压 SED 函数;通过进一步结合可压缩 8 链弹性 SED 函数,提供了一种特定的可压缩超弹性模型。该可压缩模型的基本框架与膨胀弹性体的 Flory-Rehner 框架本质上是一致的。我们的模型能很好地预测十种不同类橡胶材料在静水压力(HC)、单轴拉伸(UT)和约束单轴压缩(CUC)下的体积变形数据。提出的模型揭示了静水压缩、单轴压缩或单轴压缩对应于熵减过程,它们都受熵变化控制;而对于UT、等轴拉伸或纯剪切,熵先增加后减少,链间相互作用能和熵变化分别控制初始小拉伸和剩余大拉伸的响应。本研究旨在为类橡胶材料的可压缩性提供新的物理见解和有效的基于物理的流体静力学 SED 函数。
Migration of grain boundary triple junctions in nanocrystalline metals initiated by accumulated dislocations
Qishan Huang, Wei Yang, Haofei Zhou
doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2023.103872
纳米晶金属中由累积位错引发的晶界三重结迁移
The evolution of grain boundary (GB) networks in polycrystalline metals depends not only on the movement of the constituent GBs but also on the migration of GB triple junctions (TJs), the latter would have strong influence on the mechanical properties of polycrystals. We investigate the migration mechanism of TJs in face-centered cubic metals using molecular dynamics simulations. The TJ migration is revealed to follow a typical stick-slip behaviour that involves TJ grooving and coordinated GB migration. Upon external shear loading, the TJ experiences a quick migration process, resulting in a grooved TJ configuration with curved GBs at the TJ. The accumulation of dislocations at the TJ facilitates the TJ grooving process, since it compensates the angle gap caused by the inconsistent shear-migration coupling factors between the GBs. After reaching a critical grooving depth, the TJ migration is stagnated, while the connecting GBs begin to migrate via disconnections emitted from the TJ. Based on the mechanism of accumulated dislocation-initiated TJ migration, we propose an energetic model that considers the extra energy barrier for the accumulation of dislocations, to quantify the effect of GB misorientation on TJ migration. These findings deepen our understanding of the physical origin of TJ migration and point out the importance of dislocation accumulation on coordinated GB motion in nanocrystalline metals.
多晶金属中晶界(GB)网络的演化不仅取决于组成 GB 的移动,还取决于 GB 三重连接(TJ)的迁移,后者对多晶体的机械性能有很大影响。我们利用分子动力学模拟研究了面心立方金属中 TJ 的迁移机制。结果表明,TJ 迁移遵循典型的粘滑行为,包括 TJ 开槽和 GB 协调迁移。在外部剪切载荷作用下,TJ 经历了一个快速迁移过程,从而在 TJ 上形成了带有弯曲 GB 的沟槽 TJ 构型。位错在 TJ 处的积累促进了 TJ 开槽过程,因为它弥补了 GB 之间剪切迁移耦合因子不一致造成的角度差距。达到临界开槽深度后,TJ 迁移停滞,而连接的 GB 开始通过从 TJ 发出的断开位错进行迁移。基于累积位错引发 TJ 迁移的机制,我们提出了一个能量模型,该模型考虑了位错累积的额外能量障碍,以量化 GB 错向对 TJ 迁移的影响。这些发现加深了我们对 TJ 迁移物理起源的理解,并指出了位错累积对纳米晶金属中 GB 协调运动的重要性。
Experimental study of the coupled damage characteristics of a large-scale hull girder subjected to an underwater near-field explosion
Haitao Li, Yi Zhu, Kai Liu, Haoyang Zou, Xuebing Chen, Haikun Wang
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2023.111547
水下近场爆炸对大型船体大梁耦合损伤特性的实验研究
This paper presents the design and testing of a 10 m box-shaped hull girder model to investigate the overall response characteristics and damage modes of a warship subjected to an underwater near-field explosion. A 100 g trinitrotoluene (TNT) charge was detonated right below the midspan or quarterspan of the girder. On this basis, the structure strain, shock environment, and displacement of the girder were obtained under varying conditions, including the explosion depths and positions of attack. In the study, the coupling motion and frequency response characteristics between the explosion bubble and the hull girder were analyzed. The basic conditions for the occurrence of a whipping response or sagging damage to the hull girder were proposed. The experimental results showed that the girder and the bubble could easily exhibit a coupled resonance when the frequency of the explosion bubble pulsation is close to the first wet frequency of the girder. Also, a bending deformation or an overall damage is more likely to occur when the underwater explosion (UNDEX) happened directly below the midspan of the girder in comparison to other explosions at different attack positions. It was found that the structural damage is mainly concentrated in the middle of the 1/5 girder length region.
本文介绍了 10 米箱形船体大梁模型的设计和测试,以研究军舰在遭受水下近场爆炸时的整体响应特性和破坏模式。100 克重的三硝基 甲苯(TNT)装药在大梁中跨或四分之一跨的正下方被引爆。在此基础上,获得了在不同条件下(包括爆炸深度和攻击位置)大梁的结构应变、冲击环境和位移。研究分析了爆炸气泡与船体大梁之间的耦合运动和频率响应特性。提出了船体大梁发生鞭打响应或下垂损坏的基本条件。实验结果表明,当爆炸气泡脉动频率接近船体大梁的第一湿频率时,船体大梁和气泡很容易产生耦合共振。此外,与其他不同攻击位置的爆炸相比,当水下爆炸(UNDEX)发生在大梁中跨正下方时,更容易发生弯曲变形或整体损坏。研究发现,结构损坏主要集中在 1/5 大梁长度区域的中部。
The influences of ply interference on ballistic impact response and energy absorption behavior of multilayered woven fabrics
Zhongwei Zhang, Yuan Lin, Gan Li, Chunming Song, Rui Zhang, Yi Zhou, Mingyang Wang
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2023.111549
层间干涉对多层编织物弹道冲击响应和能量吸收行为的影响
This paper presents a detailed experimental and numerical analysis aiming to investigate the ballistic impact response and energy absorption behavior of multilayered woven fabrics with different ply interference. Different levels of ply interference are provided by controlling the influencing factors such as angle-plying, stitching the constituent plies and spacing the adjacent plies. The three aforementioned designs were evaluated for their energy absorption capacity against ballistic impact with the impact velocities ranging from 300∼400 m/s. The energy absorption mechanism was studied through the combination of high-speed camera and numerical simulations in terms of fabric deformation, and evolution of energy absorption for each ply at different impact velocity. It was found that stitching the aligned systems showed the most pronounced beneficial effect on energy absorption, showing approximate 50% ∼ 110% increase than the quasi-isotropic system with a mismatched lay-up angle of 22.5º.This is probably because that thread stitching enables the panel to be more efficient in spreading energy to a more global extent, involving a more defined transverse deformation and a larger area of stress distribution, which is beneficial for energy absorption.
本文介绍了详细的实验和数值分析,旨在研究具有不同层间干扰的多层编织物的弹道冲击响应和能量吸收行为。通过控制不同的影响因素,如叠层角度、组成层的缝合方式和相邻层的间距,可实现不同程度的叠层干涉。对上述三种设计的能量吸收能力进行了评估,以应对 300 至 400 米/秒的弹道冲击。通过高速摄像和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了不同冲击速度下各层织物的变形和能量吸收演变的能量吸收机制。研究发现,缝合对齐系统对能量吸收的有利影响最为明显,与铺层角度不匹配为 22.5º 的准各向同性系统相比,能量吸收率提高了约 50% ∼ 110%。
Influence of post-weld heat treatment on welding residual stress in U-rib-to-deck joint
Bin Qiang, Yunjie Xie, Qiang Xie, Jingyu Shi, Xinran Liu, Changrong Yao, Yadong Li
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2023.111550
焊后热处理对 U 形肋对甲板接头焊接残余应力的影响
Welding residual stress (WRS) significantly influences the fatigue life and safety of welded steel structures. Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) is a common method employed to mitigate WRS. In present study, the WRS evolution law and relaxation mechanism of U-rib-to-deck joints was investigated during PWHT. High-temperature heat treatment tests with varying holding times were conducted on U-rib-to-deck joints to reduce WRS. The WRS distributions were measured using the hole-drilling method before and after PWHT. ABAQUS software, incorporating the Norton-Bailey creep constitutive model, was employed to simulate the WRS evaluation during both welding and PWHT processes. The simulated values were validated against the measured data, and the effects of different holding times, holding temperatures, and heating and cooling rates during PWHT on WRS relaxation were discussed. The results demonstrate that PWHT effectively reduces WRS and leads to a more uniform distribution. Extending the PWHT holding time from 0.5 h to 1 h and 2 h results in a gradual decrease in WRS relaxation at 600°C, primarily occurring in the high-value stress region of the weld zone with a small amplitude. Elevating the PWHT temperature from 500°C to 550°C and subsequently to 600°C amplifies the significance of WRS relaxation. Variations in heating and cooling rates (200°C/h and 80°C/h, 100°C/h and 40°C/h, 50°C/h and 20°C/h) lead to a gradual decrease in WRS relaxation across the entire model. Furthermore, considering the creep effect, the stress relaxation rate in the weld is approximately 70%–80%, which found to be about 2–3 times higher than that without considering the creep effect. By understanding the evolution law and relaxation mechanism, this study provides valuable insights for designing PWHT processes and assessing their impact on structural safety and fatigue life.
焊接残余应力(WRS)严重影响焊接钢结构的疲劳寿命和安全性。焊后热处理(PWHT)是缓解焊接残余应力的常用方法。在本研究中,研究了 PWHT 期间 U 形肋到甲板接头的 WRS 演变规律和松弛机制。对 U 形肋对甲板接头进行了不同保温时间的高温热处理试验,以减少 WRS。在 PWHT 前后使用钻孔法测量了 WRS 分布。ABAQUS 软件结合了 Norton-Bailey 蠕变构成模型,用于模拟焊接和 PWHT 过程中的 WRS 评估。模拟值与测量数据进行了验证,并讨论了 PWHT 期间不同保温时间、保温温度以及加热和冷却速率对 WRS 松弛的影响。结果表明,PWHT 能有效减少 WRS 并使其分布更均匀。将 PWHT 保温时间从 0.5 小时延长至 1 小时和 2 小时,可使 600°C 时的 WRS 松弛逐渐减小,主要发生在焊接区的高应力区,且振幅较小。将 PWHT 温度从 500°C 提高到 550°C,然后再提高到 600°C,会扩大 WRS 松弛的影响。加热和冷却速率的变化(200°C/h 和 80°C/h、100°C/h 和 40°C/h、50°C/h 和 20°C/h)导致整个模型的 WRS 松弛逐渐减小。此外,考虑到蠕变效应,焊缝中的应力松弛率约为 70%-80%,比不考虑蠕变效应时高约 2-3 倍。通过了解演变规律和松弛机理,本研究为设计 PWHT 过程以及评估其对结构安全性和疲劳寿命的影响提供了宝贵的见解。
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Austenitic Stainless Steel (304 type) Slit Damper Structural Behavior
BoKyung Hwang, TaeSoo Kim, YongHan Ahn
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2023.111551
奥氏体不锈钢(304 型)狭缝阻尼器结构行为的实验和数值研究
Carbon steel dampers have been applied for the seismic retrofitting of new and existing building structures. Experimental and numerical studies on the seismic response characteristics and reinforcement effects of applying stainless steel for the seismic retrofitting of building structures were recently conducted in the United States and Europe. Owing to its superior corrosion resistance, durability, sustainability, and fire resistance compared to carbon steel, austenitic steel is widely used as a structural material. In this study, experiments and numerical analyses were performed to investigate the structural behavior and energy dissipation capacity of austenitic stainless steel slit dampers. The material test results show that austenitic stainless steel (STS304) underwent noticeable strength enhancement after yielding under cyclic loading compared to steel under monotonic tensile loading. The ultimate strength of the specimens also tended to increase in each cycle due to the cyclic hardening effect. A finite element (FE) analysis model was developed to predict the hysteretic behaviors of stainless steel dampers based on the cyclic material test results. The validity of the FE analysis model was verified through comparison with the test results and stress and strain distribution on critical section were discussed. In addition, the hysteretic behavior of the single story frame with chevron brace and stainless steel slit damper was investigated and compared with that of carbon steel damper.
碳钢阻尼器一直被用于新建和现有建筑结构的抗震改造。最近,美国和欧洲对应用不锈钢进行建筑结构抗震改造的地震响应特性和加固效果进行了实验和数值研究。与碳钢相比,奥氏体钢具有优异的耐腐蚀性、耐久性、可持续性和耐火性,因此被广泛用作结构材料。本研究通过实验和数值分析,对奥氏体不锈钢狭缝阻尼器的结构行为和消能能力进行了研究。材料测试结果表明,与单调拉伸荷载下的钢材相比,奥氏体不锈钢(STS304)在循环荷载下屈服后的强度明显提高。由于循环硬化效应,试样的极限强度在每个循环中也呈上升趋势。根据循环材料测试结果,开发了一个有限元(FE)分析模型来预测不锈钢阻尼器的滞后行为。通过与测试结果的对比,验证了有限元分析模型的有效性,并讨论了临界截面上的应力和应变分布。此外,还研究了带有楔形支撑和不锈钢狭缝阻尼器的单层框架的滞回行为,并与碳钢阻尼器的滞回行为进行了比较。
Study on design and impact energy absorption of Voronoi porous structure with tunable Poisson's ratio
Shanshan Zou, He Gong, Jiazi Gao
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2023.111552
具有可调泊松比的 Voronoi 多孔结构的设计和冲击能量吸收研究
As the inner core of crash box, the porous structure could cushion impact load through its own deformation. The aims of this study were to propose a series of Voronoi porous structures with tunable Poisson's ratio (VP-VPS) by using the periodic array of unit cells based on Voronoi-Tessellation and to develop crash boxes filled with porous structures for strong crashworthiness and high energy absorption. VP-VPS structures through the periodic arrays of unit cells were constructed according to 4 independent unit cell design factors. The quasi-static and dynamic compressive mechanical responses of VP-VPS structures prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) were studied through the combinations of mechanical test and simulation. Relationships between VP-VPS unit cell design factors and mechanical properties of structures were determined by establishing regression equations using the response surface method (RSM). Finally, the energy absorption of new crash boxes filled with VP-VPS structures was investigated through simulation. Results showed that VP-VPS structures had high load-bearing capacities and energy absorption under quasi-static and dynamic compressive conditions. Regression equations based on RSM could well predict mechanical properties of structures. The mechanical properties of VP-VPS structures were enhanced with the increase of global strain rate, which showed different deformation modes at low and high global strain rates. Compared with typical crash boxes filled with negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) inner cores, new type VP-VPS crash boxes had stronger impact resistance and higher energy absorption. This investigation provided a feasible design solution and theoretical basis for the construction and engineering application of impact resistance protective structures.
作为防撞箱的内核,多孔结构可通过自身变形缓冲冲击载荷。本研究的目的是利用基于 Voronoi-Tessellation 的周期性单元阵列,提出一系列具有可调泊松比的 Voronoi 多孔结构(VP-VPS),并开发出填充了多孔结构的防撞箱,以实现强耐撞性和高能量吸收。根据 4 个独立的单元格设计因子,通过周期性单元格阵列构建了 VP-VPS 结构。通过机械测试和模拟相结合的方法,研究了选择性激光熔融(SLM)制备的 VP-VPS 结构的准静态和动态压缩机械响应。通过使用响应面法(RSM)建立回归方程,确定了 VP-VPS 单元设计因素与结构机械性能之间的关系。最后,通过模拟研究了填充 VP-VPS 结构的新型防撞箱的能量吸收情况。结果表明,VP-VPS 结构在准静态和动态压缩条件下具有较高的承载能力和能量吸收能力。基于 RSM 的回归方程可以很好地预测结构的力学性能。VP-VPS 结构的力学性能随着全局应变率的增加而增强,在低全局应变率和高全局应变率下表现出不同的变形模式。与采用负泊松比(NPR)内核填充的典型防撞箱相比,新型 VP-VPS 防撞箱具有更强的抗冲击能力和更高的能量吸收能力。这项研究为抗冲击防护结构的建造和工程应用提供了可行的设计方案和理论依据。
Experimental investigation on the ballistic performance of B4C/Aramid/UHMWPE composite armors against API projectile under different temperatures
Xu Dongfang, Huang Zhixin, Chen Ganchao, Ren Xianben, Li Danyang, Zhang Yan, Li Ying
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2023.111553
不同温度下 B4C/芳纶/超高分子量聚乙烯复合装甲对 API 射弹弹道性能的实验研究
In the design of lightweight composite armor, it is crucial to consider the challenging conditions of extreme environments encountered during service. This study proposes to investigate the effect of temperature on the ballistic performance of a B4C/aramid III/UHMWPE composite armor system against 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary (API) projectiles with an impact velocity of ∼500m/s. A series of ballistic experiments were conducted under low temperature (-40℃), high temperature (+70℃), and room temperature (+20℃) respectively considering two shooting distances of 100m (long-range shooting) and 30m (close-range shooting). The structural failure modes and associated mechanisms were identified and analyzed in detail from both macroscopic and microscopic scales. The experimental results indicate that the designed composite armor is believed to perform better than the existing design schemes in resisting the 12.7mm half-speed API projectile on the basis of similar or less areal density. The ballistic performance of the composite armor system is significantly enhanced at low temperatures and weakened at high temperatures in terms of structural damage levels and backplate bulge deformation. The decrease in shooting distance transformed the panel failure mode essentially from non-penetration to penetration under room and high temperatures, whereas the specimens under low temperatures could prevent penetration. Both the ceramic and composite laminate materials are affected by temperature and show different microscopic damage modes, indicating the damage mechanism changes at the microscopic level. These findings provide valuable insight into the design of lightweight composite armor systems to adapt to extreme service environments.
在轻型复合装甲的设计中,考虑服役期间遇到的极端环境的挑战条件至关重要。本研究拟探讨温度对 B4C/aramid III/UHMWPE 复合装甲系统抵御 12.7 毫米穿甲燃烧弹(API)(冲击速度为 500 米/秒)的弹道性能的影响。分别在低温(-40℃)、高温(+70℃)和室温(+20℃)条件下进行了一系列弹道实验,考虑了 100 米(远距离射击)和 30 米(近距离射击)两种射击距离。从宏观和微观两个尺度对结构失效模式和相关机理进行了详细的识别和分析。实验结果表明,与现有的设计方案相比,所设计的复合装甲在抵御 12.7 毫米半速 API 射弹方面的性能要好于相近或更小的面密度。从结构损伤程度和背板隆起变形来看,复合装甲系统的弹道性能在低温下明显增强,而在高温下减弱。在常温和高温条件下,射击距离的缩短使面板的失效模式基本上从非穿透转变为穿透,而低温条件下的试样则可以防止穿透。陶瓷和复合材料层压板都受到温度的影响,并表现出不同的微观破坏模式,这表明破坏机制在微观层面上发生了变化。这些发现为设计适应极端服役环境的轻质复合装甲系统提供了宝贵的启示。