In this paper, three state-of-the-art deep learning uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods —Flipout probabilistic convolutional neural network (CNN), deep ensemble probabilistic CNN, and Bayesian probabilistic CNN—based on the Visual Geometry Group 13 architecture are proposed. They are compared with a traditional Bayesian inference approach for localizing delamination damage in composite. The law of conditional covariance is used to separate and quantify the predictive variance of the three networks into aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty. The network models’ performance is enhanced through hyperparameter optimization using Hyperband and warm-up optimization algorithms. The performance of the three networks in measuring the uncertainty is assessed on an out-of-distribution (OOD) dataset and validated on an in-distribution (ID) dataset for localization of composite delamination damage. Results indicate high accuracy in predicting damage locations for all methods on the ID dataset. On the OOD dataset, the Flipout and deep ensemble network have better performance, stably measuring aleatoric uncertainty in both trained and untrained areas, while the Bayesian network’s aleatoric uncertainty shows a discernible change across both areas. All three networks effectively measure epistemic uncertainty. Overall in both ID and OOD datasets, the Flipout network provides an optimal balance among training efficiency, UQ effectiveness and accuracy in predicting damage locations.
本文基于 Visual Geometry Group 13 架构，提出了三种最先进的深度学习不确定性量化（UQ）方法--Flipout 概率卷积神经网络（CNN）、深度集 合概率 CNN 和贝叶斯概率 CNN。它们与传统的贝叶斯推理方法进行了比较，以定位复合材料中的分层损伤。利用条件协方差定律将这三种网络的预测方差分为不确定性和认识不确定性，并对其进行量化。通过使用 Hyperband 和预热优化算法进行超参数优化，提高了网络模型的性能。在一个分布外（OOD）数据集上评估了三个网络在测量不确定性方面的性能，并在一个分布内（ID）数据集上验证了复合材料分层损伤定位的性能。结果表明，在 ID 数据集上，所有方法预测损伤位置的准确性都很高。在 OOD 数据集上，Flipout 和深度集 合网络具有更好的性能，可以稳定地测量训练区域和未训练区域的不确定性，而贝叶斯网络的不确定性在两个区域都有明显的变化。这三个网络都能有效测量认识不确定性。总体而言，在 ID 和 OOD 数据集中，Flipout 网络在训练效率、UQ 效果和预测损坏位置的准确性之间实现了最佳平衡。
An experimental and parametrical study on repair of cracked titanium airframe structures with single-side bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer prepreg patches
The present research aims to investigate efficient repair techniques of cracked Ti-alloy aircraft structures with adhesively bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer prepreg patches. The repaired specimens in the configuration of a Ti-alloy butt joint with one-side bonded composite patch were prepared under multiple repair factors including patch thickness, patch length, adhesive thickness, cure pressure, patch layup and surface treatment. The repair efficiency was evaluated by loading behavior, bonded interface microstructure and failure mode. The results reveals that the geometric factors affect the loading performance and alter failure modes by adjusting stress distribution in the repair system, whereas the cure pressure and surface treatment act on the bondline and change interfacial properties. A sensitivity-optimization model based on analysis of variance was established for parametrical study to quantify the contribution of repair factors and obtain optimal values. The optimum parameters were validated by repaired central-cracked specimens via static and fatigue tests, which proved that the repaired structure could restore 90.7% loading capacity of intact ones and endure more than 106 fatigue cycles of 25% ultimate failure load level of center-cracked ones. The proposed experimental and parametrical study possessed good efficacy in refurbishing strength and stiffness of cracked metallic structures.
Study on the performance of aluminum matrix ceramic ball composite materials plate for hypervelocity impact protection based on FE-SPH adaptive method
YJ. Deng, YF. Ren, X. Liu, L. Li, M. Qin
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118103
基于 FE-SPH 自适应方法的超高速冲击防护铝基陶瓷球复合材料板性能研究
Space debris is a major threat to the safety of spacecraft in orbit, and advanced protective materials with lightweight and high impact resistance are effective passive protection solutions. In order to investigate the hypervelocity impact protection performance of aluminum matrix ceramic ball composite materials plate, this paper has carried out the hypervelocity impact test of aluminum matrix ceramic ball composite materials plate, and verified the accuracy of the numerical model based on the FE-SPH adaptive method, and then carried out a comparative study on the hypervelocity impact protection performance of aluminum plate and aluminum matrix ceramic ball composite materials plate with the same area density. The results show that: compared with the aluminum plate conditions, the composite materials target has a better ability to broken the projectile. Compared with the aluminum target, the kinetic energy absorbed by the composite target is increased by 37.04%, and the kinetic energy of the generated debris cloud decreased by 69.57. The proportion of the internal energy dissipation of the composite materials impact system reaches up to 72.03%. The secondary pollution generated by the composite target is less and the hazardous debris have less threat to the rear wall. The research in this paper can provide reference for the selection of hypervelocity impact protection materials.
A new guided mode so-called minimum group velocity in viscoelastic sandwich plates: A parametric numerical study
Souhail Dahmen, Cherif Othmani, Sebastian Merchel, M. Ercan Altinsoy, Abir Rouis, Jian Xiong, Farid Takali
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118106
粘弹性夹层板中所谓最小群速度的新引导模式：参数数值研究
Zero-Group-Velocity (ZGV) guided mode has recently received particular attention because of its highly sensitive to structural changes, such as defects. Parallel to ZGV, in the present work, we introduce a new guided mode so-called Minimum-Group-Velocity (MGV) that is a remarkable phenomenon in defect detection applications. Strictly speaking, when any two phase-velocity dispersion curves of Lamb modes approach each other without overlapping, we observe this new mode in group-velocity dispersion curves. It is worth noting that this MGV mode has never been addressed in literature. We compute the Lamb-like modes in asymmetric viscoelastic sandwich plates using the Stiffness Matrix Method (SMM). We show that the change in properties of this sandwich can dramatically affect frequency ranges associated with ZGV and MGV modes. However, a linear correlation between phase velocities and this change on viscoelastic properties is discussed, where we observed an interconnection phenomenon in the dispersion curves. This interconnection happens between specific points on the dispersion curves, each corresponding to a ZGV- or MGV-mode. On the other hand, we verify that the detection of changes in level of viscoelastic properties or variations in the thickness of the buffer viscoelastic layer is possible within a limited segment of the damped mode curve.
The features of shallow depth and gradual blurring are characterized by the point microcrack defects in Si3N4 ceramic bearing rollers. Point clouds accuracy and mesh correctness of 3D morphological reconstruction are affected. A coupled method is proposed for reconstructing the 3D morphology, based on small-scale structure from motion and nonlinear image clustering vision. The fine-tuning motion supply system is designed based on the shallow depth characteristics of point microcrack defects. The sparse point clouds of point microcrack defects are obtained. The gradually blurring of the point microcrack defects is analyzed. Thus, the nonlinear image clustering and convergence functions are established. The dense point clouds and texture mesh of point microcrack defects are reconstructed. The experimental results show the diameter of the circular region containing the point microcrack defects is 17.798 μm. The maximum local longitudinal span of the point microcrack defects is 239 nm. The number of sparse point clouds vertex, dense point clouds vertex and texture mesh face is 535, 13206, 21086, respectively. The reconstructed results are in well agreement with the raw image segmentation results. The theoretical basis for the research on the mechanism of point microcrack defects propagation and the prediction of bearing life is provided.
Compared to traditional textile composites, the coated fabric used in fabric membrane structures is much more flexible. Its macroscopic mechanical behavior is highly nonlinear, anisotropic, and shows stress ratio dependence during the loading process. The main reason is that the yarns within the coated fabric are not completely solidified, and there is a significant crimp interchange process in the yarns under load. This paper proposes a novel mesoscopic finite element (FE) model to predict the nonlinear orthotropic mechanical behavior of PTFE-coated fabric using the virtual fiber method (VFM). By comparing with experimental data, it is shown that the virtual fiber defined by the truss element can visually and effectively simulate the mechanical behavior of the internal fibers and reflect the crimp interchange process between two-way yarns. Combined with PBCs, it can effectively predict the uniaxial and biaxial tensile behaviors of the PTFE-coated fabric. Moreover, a new multi-scale model suitable for structural scale analysis of fabric membrane structures has been attempted by combining the direct FE2 (D-FE2) method with the proposed mesoscopic FE model. Local deformation mechanisms and macro response of fabric membrane structures can be observed simultaneously from these analyses, which provide a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of the fabric membrane structures.
与传统的纺织复合材料相比，织物膜结构中使用的涂层织物要柔韧得多。它的宏观机械行为高度非线性、各向异性，并在加载过程中表现出应力比依赖性。其主要原因是涂层织物中的纱线没有完全凝固，在加载过程中纱线存在明显的卷曲交换过程。本文提出了一种新型介观有限元（FE）模型，利用虚拟纤维法（VFM）预测 PTFE 涂层织物的非线性各向同性力学行为。通过与实验数据的比较，表明由桁架元素定义的虚拟纤维能直观有效地模拟内部纤维的力学行为，并反映双向纱线之间的卷曲交换过程。结合 PBC，它能有效预测 PTFE 涂层织物的单轴和双轴拉伸行为。此外，通过将直接 FE2（D-FE2）方法与所提出的介观 FE 模型相结合，尝试了一种适用于织物膜结构尺度分析的新型多尺度模型。通过这些分析，可以同时观察到织物膜结构的局部变形机制和宏观响应，从而更好地理解织物膜结构的力学行为。
Hybridization of face sheet in sandwich composites to mitigate low temperature and low velocity impact damage
Jason P. Mack, Faizan Mirza, Arnob Banik, M.H. Khan, K.T. Tan
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118101
夹层复合材料中的面片杂化可减轻低温和低速冲击损伤
In this study, the impact response and damage mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) hybrid face sheet sandwich composites are investigated with the aim to provide an understanding and solution to mitigate the coupling effects of low temperature and low velocity impact damage. Hybridization of face sheet is achieved by stacking CFRP and GFRP in different thickness configurations. Samples are subjected to low-velocity impact at 23 °C and −70 °C to compare and understand the effect of cold temperature in the Arctic environment. Results show that hybridization improves the impact performance at −70 °C. CFRP layers and foam core become extremely brittle at low temperature, but GFRP layers maintain a certain extent of ductility and enhanced laminate strength at low temperature. Moreover, different damage modes (delamination, fiber breakage, core crushing, core shear, face sheet debonding, back face fiber splitting) are observed and characterized by X-ray micro-computed tomography. The additions of GFRP layers to CFRP face sheet mitigated the increased brittle fiber failure observed at low temperatures, however the impact characteristics and damage size was found to be dependent on the hybridization configuration.
本研究对碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）和玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）混合面片夹层复合材料的冲击响应和损伤机理进行了研究，旨在为减轻低温和低速冲击损伤的耦合效应提供一种理解和解决方案。通过以不同厚度配置堆叠 CFRP 和 GFRP，实现了面片的混合。样品在 23 °C 和 -70 °C 下受到低速冲击，以比较和了解北极环境中低温的影响。结果表明，杂化提高了-70 °C时的冲击性能。CFRP 层和泡沫芯材在低温下变得极脆，但 GFRP 层在低温下保持了一定的延展性并增强了层压强度。此外，X 射线微观计算机断层扫描还观察到不同的破坏模式（分层、纤维断裂、芯材挤压、芯材剪切、面片脱粘和背面纤维分裂），并对其进行了表征。在 CFRP 面板上添加 GFRP 层可减轻低温下观察到的纤维脆性破坏的增加，但发现冲击特性和破坏大小取决于杂化配置。
Shape memory behaviors of three-dimensional five-directional braided composites with different axial yarns arrangements
The effect of braided structure on shape memory behaviors of 3D braided composites is critical to design the responses of the composite under external fields. Here we report the effect of axial yarn on shape memory behaviors of three-dimensional five-directional (3D5d) braided shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) under bending. It was found that the axial yarns will improve bending stiffness and electro-thermal behaviors significantly. The thermomechanical deformation and shape memory effect of SMPCs are influenced by the braiding structural parameters. Specifically, the 3D5d SMPCs exhibits a 53.6% increase in bending recovery force and a faster shape recovery speed than those of 3D four-directional SMPCs. We found from finite element analyses (FEA) that the axial yarns positions influence the inner stress distribution and shape memory behaviors of SMPCs. The axial yarns distributed on both sides of SMPC influence the shape memory behaviors more than those of the middle layer.
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
Improving the thermal conductivity of an epoxy composite with chemically boron nitride-grafted carbon fiber
Wonyoung Yang, Jihoon Kim, Pei-Chen Su, Jooheon Kim
doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108192
用化学氮化硼接枝碳纤维改善环氧树脂复合材料的导热性能
The rapid progress of electronic devices like electric vehicles, smartphones, and IoT systems has fueled the demand for compact, high-performance batteries. However, a critical challenge arises from heat accumulation within these devices, leading to malfunctions and reduced efficiency. To address this, efficient heat dissipation is crucial, with thermal interface materials (TIMs) widely used for heat transfer. While polymers are favored for TIMs due to their ease of processing and electrical insulation, their low thermal conductivity poses limitations. In this study, a solution is proposed by chemically grafting boron nitride (BN), a ceramic-based filler, onto carbon fiber (CF) surfaces. This BN-g-CF hybrid filler, formed through a reaction between acyl chlorides and amine groups, exhibits superior compatibility with polymer matrix. Characterization confirms successful treatment, and thermal conductivity measurements show a remarkable enhancement, positioning the BN-g-CF/epoxy resin composite as a promising solution for efficient thermal management in various electronic industries.
Multi-DORGP for fast uncertainty quantification of multi-scale irregular defects in super large-scale fiber-reinforced composite
Yunguo Cheng, Timon Rabczuk, Chensen Ding
doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108196
用于快速量化超大尺度纤维增强复合材料中多尺度不规则缺陷的 Multi-DORGP
The presence of randomly distributed irregular defects in fiber-reinforced composites significantly impacts the structural response, yet traditional machine learning schemes often require an extensive number of samples, resulting in time-consuming processes. Therefore, this paper introduces a novel approach, termed the dual order-reduced Gaussian Process emulators (Multi-DORGP), aimed at efficiently quantifying the uncertainty of multi-scale irregular defects in fiber-reinforced composites. This is achieved by accurately characterizing the multi-scale irregular defects through precise geometric representations, utilizing massive discrete nodes and fine meshes to address the limitations of parameterization methods that may overlook shape and size differences of defects. Moreover, we comprehensively quantify uncertainty across micro, meso, and macro scales, considering spatially randomly distributed locations, sizes, and irregular shapes of defects. Notably, the Multi-DORGP scheme is presented to alleviate the computational burden associated with extremely high-dimensional data (e.g., up to 23.3 million variables). In which, we decouple and build the latent spaces for raw data assisted by principal component analysis, and Gaussian Process regression is built and trained by the coefficients between the latent spaces. Through illustrative examples, including a real-life application involving an airplane wing, we validate the proposed scheme's capability to accurately quantify the uncertainty of multi-scale irregular defects in large-scale fiber-reinforced composites using significantly few samples (e.g., 100).
Tailor-made Co3O4@CeO2 based nanofibrous membrane with enhanced catalytic reactivity for efficient degradation of antibiotic
Dong Wang, Siping Ding, Zhenzhen He, Tonghui Zhang, Xuefen Wang
doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111424
基于 Co3O4@CeO2 的定制纳米纤维膜具有更强的催化反应活性，可高效降解抗生素
In this work, a novel Co3O4@CeO2 nanofibrous membrane was prepared by the combination of interfacial defect engineering strategy and coaxial electrospinning for unusual levofloxacin degradation. Implanting active Co3O4 into CeO2 derived from Ce-UiO-66 created more oxygen vacancies and improved the interfacial interaction (electron transfer and specific surface area). In addition, accelerated redox recycling occurred on the catalyst surface because of the cooperation of Co sites and Ce sites. As a result, the optimal Co3O4@CeO2 nanocomposite showed an unexpectedly improved degradation efficiency of levofloxacin with a rate constant higher than 6.9 times (CeO2) and 2.6 times (Co3O4), superior elimination (>98%) of antibiotic (norfloxacin, tetracycline and doxycycline hydrochloride) and dyes (methylene blue, rhodamine b, methyl orange and crystal violet). Moreover, C-type hollow structure nanofibers with increased reaction area were prepared by coaxial electrospinning to support nanoparticles for consecutive wastewater treatment. The prepared nanofibrous membrane with loading 50 wt% Co3O4@CeO2 (PC50 NFMs) exhibited loose structure, resulting in 168.2 ± 12 L m−2 h−1 of permeability driven by gravity, while 164.2 L·m−2 of levofloxacin was efficiently treated. Besides, the PC50 NFMs had satisfactory reusability and stability in real water bodies. This work paved a new avenue to control water pollution through the design of membranous catalysts.
本研究结合界面缺陷工程策略和同轴电纺丝技术，制备了一种新型 Co3O4@CeO2 纳米纤维膜，用于不寻常的左氧氟沙星降解。将活性 Co3O4 植入 Ce-UiO-66 制备的 CeO2 中，可产生更多的氧空位，改善界面相互作用（电子传递和比表面积）。此外，由于 Co 位点和 Ce 位点的合作，催化剂表面的氧化还原循环加快。因此，最佳的 Co3O4@CeO2 纳米复合材料出乎意料地提高了左氧氟沙星的降解效率，其速率常数高于 6.9 倍（CeO2）和 2.6 倍（Co3O4），对抗生素（诺氟沙星、四环素和盐酸多西环素）和染料（亚甲基蓝、罗丹明 b、甲基橙和结晶紫）的消除效果也很好（大于 98%）。此外，还利用同轴电纺丝技术制备了具有更大反应面积的 C 型中空结构纳米纤维，以支持纳米颗粒连续处理废水。所制备的负载量为 50 wt% Co3O4@CeO2 的纳米纤维膜（PC50 NFMs）结构疏松，在重力作用下的渗透率为 168.2 ± 12 L m-2 h-1，可有效处理 164.2 L-m-2 的左氧氟沙星。此外，PC50 NFM 在实际水体中的重复使用性和稳定性也令人满意。这项工作为通过设计膜催化剂来控制水污染开辟了一条新途径。
Electromagnetic wave absorption of polymer derived ceramic composites tuned by multi-component oxide solid solution
Yujun Jia, Xiaopeng Wu, Bin Ren, Jiaying Ti, Yumeng Deng, Qian Wang, Hejun Li
doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111431
用多组分氧化物固溶体调节聚合物衍生陶瓷复合材料的电磁波吸收率
Polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) are important ceramics for high temperature electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption because of their tunable conductivity with the pyrolysis temperature. However, it is usually difficult to tune the dielectric properties of the PDCs by only controlling the content of absorption phase in the material system for the purpose of acquiring a wide EMW absorption band. In this work, we illustrate that the PDCs with wide-band high temperature absorption can be obtained through the synergistical tuning by multi-component oxide solid solution (MOS), nano ZrB2 and the metamaterial structure design. The PDCs were prepared by co-pyrolyzing the SiOC precursor, nano ZrB2 and MOS. The MOS helps to tune the permittivity of the PDCs without decreasing the conduction loss of the composites. The effective absorption band (lower than −10dB) of the metamaterial structure made by the prepared ceramic composites exceeds 12 GHz at the frequency range of 2–18 GHz from room temperature (RT) to 1000 °C, revealing a stable high temperature EMW absorption. The metamaterial structure shows good absorption in low frequency range at high temperatures, almost covering the entire S band from RT to 700 °C. The average EM absorption of the ceramic composites is lower than −15dB in the range of 2–18 GHz from RT to 1000 °C. The lowest reflection loss (RL) of the metamaterial is −45dB at 1000 °C. This study successfully address the challenge of simultaneously keeping impedance matching and retaining the strong attenuation of ceramic composites, greatly widening the high temperature EMW absorption band of PDC composites.
聚合物衍生陶瓷（PDCs）的电导率可随热解温度的变化而调整，因此是用于高温电磁波（EMW）吸收的重要陶瓷。然而，为了获得较宽的电磁波吸收带，仅通过控制材料体系中吸收相的含量通常很难调整 PDC 的介电性能。在这项工作中，我们通过多组分氧化物固溶体（MOS）、纳米 ZrB2 和超材料结构设计的协同调谐，说明了具有宽带高温吸收的 PDCs 是可以获得的。PDC 是由 SiOC 前驱体、纳米 ZrB2 和 MOS 共同热解制备的。MOS 有助于调节 PDC 的介电常数，同时不会降低复合材料的传导损耗。在室温（RT）至 1000 °C 的 2-18 GHz 频率范围内，由制备的陶瓷复合材料制成的超材料结构的有效吸收带（低于 -10dB）超过了 12 GHz，显示了稳定的高温电磁波吸收。超材料结构在高温低频范围内表现出良好的吸收性，几乎覆盖了从室温到 700 °C 的整个 S 波段。陶瓷复合材料在 2-18 GHz（从室温到 1000 °C）范围内的平均电磁吸收率低于-15dB。超材料的最低反射损耗（RL）在 1000 °C 时为 -45dB。这项研究成功地解决了同时保持阻抗匹配和陶瓷复合材料强衰减的难题，大大拓宽了 PDC 复合材料的高温电磁波吸收带。
Selective detection of norfloxacin using MIP/PEDOT modified electrode: A study on sensing performance
Developing an analytical technique for selectively detecting trace antibiotics in complex environments is essential for food safety and environmental protection. Using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a matrix material, we employed molecular self-assembly electropolymerization to imprint poly-o-phenylenediamine (PoPD) in the presence of norfloxacin. The study reveals that the modified GCE features a worm-like microstructure, providing a larger surface area for the construction of additional recognition sites. This modified electrode demonstrated excellent sensing performance for NOR, wide linear range (2 nmol L−1–21.11 μmol L−1), low detection limit (173 pmol L−1) (S/N = 3), and high selectivity. It effectively detected norfloxacin in different samples, yielding satisfactory results.
The paper investigates the validity and reliability of the blind-bolt repair method for repairing delaminated composite aircraft panels. The delaminated specimens are prepared by inserting Teflon film during the manufacturing process to simulate interlayer damage. Subsequently, these specimens are repaired using the blind-bolt method. Modal and uniaxial compression tests are conducted to quantitatively evaluate the natural frequency, mode shape and load-bearing strength of both delaminated and bolt-repaired specimens. Digital image correlation and ultrasonic phased array techniques are employed to characterize buckling instability and damage evolution of specimens. The results reveal that the natural frequency and compressive buckling strength of delaminated specimens significantly decrease. The mode shape also changes nonlinearly with the stiffness reduction. This variation is proportional to the size and the quantity of delaminations. The blind-bolt repair method effectively restores the vibration and mechanical properties of the delaminated composite structure by reconnecting separated sub-laminates. A repair tolerance of 20 mm–60 mm is recommended for a single blind-bolt. When the delamination length is 35 mm, the repair efficiency for the critical buckling load and the ultimate load is the highest, at 58.3% and 64.4%, respectively.
One-pot strategy for the preparation of nanoparticles grafted with bimodal polymers: An in-silico insight
Jinyuan Mao, Jiajia Zhou, Hong Liu
doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110583
用双峰聚合物接枝制备纳米颗粒的一锅策略：从分子内的角度看问题
Polymer nanocomposites composed of polymer-grafted nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant interest due to their diverse functional applications in various domains. The emerging concept of bimodal polymer brushes within the grafting-nanoparticle framework offers control over interfacial entropic and enthalpic interactions. Here, we introduce a novel one-pot strategy that integrates “grafting-to” and “grafting-from” methods to create polymer-grafted bimodal NPs. Utilizing coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations with a stochastic reaction model, we explore the factors influencing grafting density and polydispersity in these NPs. Our findings demonstrate that this one-pot strategy achieves a polydispersity similar to the two-step “grafting-from then grafting-to” process, while attaining a moderate grafting density comparable to the “grafting-to then grafting-from” approach. Consequently, we analyze factors such as “grafting-from” reaction rates, and initial feeding ratios, step-addition techniques which collectively influence the final grafting density and polydispersity index within this one-pot strategy. This comprehensive investigation enhances our understanding of the kinetics behind synthesizing bimodal polymer-grafted NPs and offers insights for designing polymer-based nanocomposites with improved performance.
