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【新文速递】2024年5月7日复合材料SCI期刊最新文章

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今日更新:Composite Structures 2 篇,Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 1 篇,Composites Part B: Engineering 1 篇,Composites Science and Technology 1 篇

Composite Structures

Effects of long-term exposure of NSM CFRP-to-concrete bond to natural and accelerated aging environments

Aloys Dushimimana, José Sena-Cruz, Luís Correia, João Miguel Pereira, Susana Cabral-Fonseca, Ricardo Cruz

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118174

NSM cfrp -混凝土粘结剂长期暴露于自然和加速老化环境中的影响

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites can be used to strengthen existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The CFRP laminate can be bonded to RC structure using epoxy adhesive via near-surface mounted (NSM) strengthening technique. However, existing literature generally lacks data about durability of NSM CFRP-to-concrete bond. In this study, strengthened concrete elements were exposed to laboratory-controlled environments (at approximately 20 °C/55 % RH, and water immersion at 20 °C) and natural field environments (to promote natural aging induced mainly by carbonation, high temperatures, freeze–thaw attack, and airborne chlorides) for up to four years. Durability tests were conducted yearly for the bond and its constituent materials. The highest bond strength degradations were nearly 12 % and 9 % for the specimens immersed in water and those exposed to freeze–thaw attack, respectively. Besides, environmental conversion factors of 0.88 and 0.93 were derived from a database of existing accelerated, and natural aging data from the present work, respectively.

碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)复合材料可用于加固现有的钢筋混凝土(RC)结构。采用近表面安装(NSM)加固技术,采用环氧胶粘剂将CFRP复合材料粘接在RC结构上。然而,现有文献普遍缺乏关于NSM cfrp -混凝土粘结耐久性的数据。在这项研究中,加固混凝土元件暴露在实验室控制的环境(大约20 °C/55 % RH, 20 °C的水浸泡)和自然现场环境(促进主要由碳化、高温、冻融侵蚀和空气中的氯化物引起的自然老化)中长达四年。每年对粘结剂及其组成材料进行耐久性试验。浸水和冻融作用下的粘结强度下降幅度最大,分别接近12 %和9 %。环境转换因子分别为0.88和0.93,分别来自现有加速老化和自然老化数据库。


High fidelity FEM based on deep learning for arbitrary composite material structure

Jiaxi Li, Weian Yao, Yu Lu, Jianqiang Chen, Yan Sun, Xiaofei Hu

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118176

基于深度学习的任意复合材料结构高保真有限元分析

Due to the outstanding performance, composite materials are widely used and analyzing their properties and designing them based on performance has become a crucial task in the field of many manufacturing industries. Composite materials possess complex multiscale structures, and traditional fine-scale finite element modeling and analysis may lead to severe computational resource challenges. To overcome this difficulty, breakthroughs in key technologies of multiscale accelerated analysis algorithms are required. In this study, an innovative approach based on artificial intelligence and multiscale finite element method is presented. This approach involves partitioning the entire composite material structure into coarse grids that resemble homogenous structures of similar size, providing results consistent to fine-grid finite element analysis. By utilizing CNN for image feature recognition and employing the CGAN adversarial method, coarse-grid equivalent stiffness matrices and multiscale shape functions from completely random microstructures of composite materials can be obtained. Consequently, this enables a rapid response process from microstructure to low-resolution grid to high-resolution physical field, with remarkably accurate physical field results. Moreover, compared to traditional fine-grid finite element methods, this approach significantly reduces memory usage and computation time. This method is applicable to composite materials with varying shaped inclusions, different component properties, and diverse geometric distributions, allowing these materials to perform high-fidelity finite element calculations on coarse grids and predict their mechanical behavior. Furthermore, this breakthrough opens avenues for accelerating the optimization design of composite materials with diverse mechanical functionalities, by employing a bottom-up approach.

复合材料由于其优异的性能得到了广泛的应用,分析其性能并根据其性能进行设计已成为许多制造业领域的一项重要任务。复合材料具有复杂的多尺度结构,传统的精细尺度有限元建模和分析对计算资源构成了严峻的挑战。为了克服这一困难,需要突破多尺度加速分析算法的关键技术。本研究提出了一种基于人工智能和多尺度有限元方法的创新方法。这种方法包括将整个复合材料结构划分为粗网格,这些粗网格类似于大小相似的同质结构,从而提供与细网格有限元分析一致的结果。利用CNN进行图像特征识别,采用CGAN对抗方法,可以得到复合材料完全随机微观结构的粗网格等效刚度矩阵和多尺度形状函数。因此,这使得从微观结构到低分辨率网格再到高分辨率物理场的快速响应过程成为可能,并且具有非常精确的物理场结果。此外,与传统的细网格有限元方法相比,该方法显著减少了内存使用和计算时间。该方法适用于具有不同形状夹杂物、不同组分性能和不同几何分布的复合材料,允许这些材料在粗网格上进行高保真的有限元计算,并预测其力学行为。此外,通过采用自下而上的方法,这一突破为加速具有多种机械功能的复合材料的优化设计开辟了道路。


Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

An efficient finite element mesh generation methodology based on μCT images of multi-layer woven composites

Xuanxin Tian, Heng Zhang, Zhaoliang Qu, Shigang Ai

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108255

 

基于多层编织复合材料μCT图像的高效有限元网格生成方法

High-fidelity models are essential for accurate finite element (FE) simulations of composite material behavior. This paper proposes an efficient meshing methodology based on micro-Computed Tomography (μCT) images. U-Net convolutional neural network was used for image segmentation. Connected yarns were then separated using an improved procedure based on watershed algorithm and geometric transformations. The proposed Constrained Delaunay-Advancing Front Technique (CD-AFT) surface reconstruction algorithm extracts point cloud of yarns from segmented images and outputs high-quality and smooth orientable manifold watertight triangulated surface. Intersecting meshes of yarns are separated through node position detection and Laplacian moving. Experimental results show that proposed methodology is capable of accomplishing mesh generation for different mesh sizes. Compared with commercial software, it has obvious advantages in mesh quality and size control. Since the proposed method operates independently of commercial software and manual operation, it facilitates the automated generation of numerous high-fidelity models from μCT images for FE simulations.

高保真模型对于复合材料性能的精确有限元模拟至关重要。提出了一种基于微计算机断层扫描(μCT)图像的高效网格划分方法。采用U-Net卷积神经网络进行图像分割。然后使用基于分水岭算法和几何变换的改进方法分离连接的纱线。提出的约束delaunay推进前沿技术(CD-AFT)曲面重建算法从分割图像中提取纱线点云,输出高质量、光滑的可定向流形水密三角曲面。通过节点位置检测和拉普拉斯移动分离纱线的相交网格。实验结果表明,该方法能够实现不同网格尺寸的网格生成。与商业软件相比,它在网格质量和尺寸控制方面具有明显的优势。由于该方法独立于商业软件和人工操作,它有助于从μCT图像中自动生成大量高保真模型用于FE模拟。


Composites Part B: Engineering

Integrated Accelerated Testing Methodology for CFRP Durability

Yasushi Miyano, Masayuki Nakada

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111527

CFRP耐久性综合加速试验方法

Integrated ATM, an integrated accelerated testing methodology for CFRP durability, is described herein. It is expressed as a single formula including several parameters representing the life of CFRP under an arbitrary environmental temperature and an arbitrary strain ratio R from R =0 to 1. Integrated ATM is based on Christensen's viscoelastic crack kinetics and conventional ATM. First, Integrated ATM is introduced based on the matrix resin viscoelasticity. Second, important parameters which affect CFRP life are found for the longitudinal tensile strength of a unidirectional CFRP as an Integrated ATM application. Finally, the parameter influences on CFRP life are assessed.

本文描述了集成ATM,一种CFRP耐久性的集成加速测试方法。在任意环境温度下,在R =0 ~ 1的任意应变比R下,CFRP的寿命可表示为包含多个参数的单一公式。综合自动取款机是基于克里斯坦森粘弹性裂纹动力学和传统自动取款机。首先,介绍了基于基体树脂粘弹性的集成ATM。其次,找到了影响碳纤维增强材料寿命的重要参数,用于单向碳纤维增强材料的纵向拉伸强度作为集成ATM应用。最后,评估了各参数对碳纤维布寿命的影响。


Composites Science and Technology

The strength prediction model of unidirectional fiber reinforced composites based on the renormalization group method

Yixing Qian, Zhinan Li, Xin Zhou, Tong Xia, Yao Zhang, Zhenyu Yang, Dayong Hu, Zixing Lu

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110639

 

基于重整化群法的单向纤维增强复合材料强度预测模型

When unidirectional fiber reinforced composites are subjected to longitudinal tensile loading and reach a critical failure state, they experience a sudden transition from local damage to catastrophic failure, commonly termed as an avalanche event. This paper integrates the self-organized criticality theory (SOC) concepts into the prediction of longitudinal tensile strength of composites and establishes a strength prediction model of composites based on the renormalization group method (RGM). The predictions of the RGM model are successfully validated against experimental results in the literatures, and it demonstrates relatively acceptable predictive accuracy compared to classical strength criteria. Compared to other state-of-the-art prediction models considering stochastic fiber strength distribution, the RGM model effectively provides strength statistics for fiber bundles of any size and describes the occurrence of composites avalanche failure induced by local stress concentration. This present model can be very conveniently implemented as a User Material Subroutine (UMAT) for finite simulations, facilitating practical prediction of the strength of composite structures.

当单向纤维增强复合材料受到纵向拉伸载荷并达到临界破坏状态时,它们会经历从局部损伤到灾难性破坏的突然转变,通常被称为雪崩事件。将自组织临界理论(SOC)概念融入到复合材料纵向拉伸强度预测中,建立了基于重整化群法(RGM)的复合材料强度预测模型。RGM模型的预测结果与文献中的实验结果进行了对比验证,与经典强度准则相比,RGM模型的预测精度相对较好。与考虑随机纤维强度分布的其他最新预测模型相比,RGM模型有效地提供了任何尺寸纤维束的强度统计数据,并描述了局部应力集中引起的复合材料雪崩破坏的发生。该模型可以很方便地作为有限模拟的用户材料子程序(UMAT)实现,便于对复合材料结构的强度进行实际预测。


来源:复合材料力学仿真Composites FEM
MeshingACTMechanicalFidelity复合材料UG裂纹理论材料多尺度创新方法控制试验曲面
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首次发布时间:2024-11-14
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【新文速递】2024年5月10日复合材料SCI期刊最新文章

今日更新:Composite Structures 4 篇,Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 1 篇,Composites Part B: Engineering 1 篇Composite StructuresNumerical simulations and testing of notched composite plates under envelope loadings: Validation with the safe life domain methodFlorent Grotto, Christophe Bouvet, Bruno Castanié, Joël Serradoi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118191缺口复合材料板在包络载荷下的数值模拟与试验:安全寿命域方法的验证The certification of aircraft structures specifies various loads, possibly combined, to be considered to demonstrate its strength. In general, structural testing up to static failure is performed using proportional loading. In this study, the effects of loading with combinations of tension-shear-pressure are studied on large notched composite specimens. The VERTEX test rig is used. The Safe Life Domain method is proposed to validate whole domains of loading combination by means of a single envelope test. Envelope validation tests are implemented on tension-shear loadings with and without pressure, based on numerical predictions of the specimen failure and of the bench behaviour. Buckling mode variability and its impact on failure is considered, to show possible path-dependency of failure and thus highlight an ignored complexity of structure failure. Therefore, the numerous proportional tests needed for compliance demonstration can be reduced thanks to a few envelope tests instead.飞机结构的认证规定了各种载荷,可能是组合的,要考虑证明其强度。一般来说,结构测试直到静态破坏是使用比例加载进行的。本文研究了拉-剪-压组合加载对大型缺口复合材料试件的影响。使用VERTEX测试平台。提出了用单包络试验验证荷载组合全域的安全寿命域方法。包络验证试验是在有压力和无压力的拉伸-剪切载荷下实施的,基于试样破坏和工作台行为的数值预测。考虑屈曲模态变异及其对破坏的影响,以显示破坏可能的路径依赖性,从而突出被忽视的结构破坏的复杂性。因此,合规性演示所需的大量比例测试可以通过几个信封测试来减少。Design and optimization of Anisotropy–Inspired AlSi10Mg metamaterials with tailored mechanics and mass transport properties in tissue engineeringZhitong Li, Zhaobo Chen, Xiongbiao Chen, Runchao Zhaodoi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118179组织工程中具有定制力学和质量输运特性的各向异性激发AlSi10Mg超材料的设计与优化Metamaterials are widely used for achieving tailored multi–physical properties. However, it is challenging to satisfy multiple property requirements simultaneously. For example, the mechanical and mass transport properties of bionic scaffolds have to be compromised. In this work, 3D–printed metamaterials with adjustable topological features are proposed, and a topological optimization strategy for coordinating multiple properties is developed. Tradeoffs between the mechanics, energy absorption capacity, and mass transport properties are accomplished under given a porosity. Anisotropic metamaterials with permeabilities of 2.34 ∼ 3.44 × 10-7 m2 and elastic moduli of 1.37 ∼ 3.14 GPa were obtained, and the gradient scaffolds were further designed to realize adjustable local characteristics. The optimized design technique described here can serve as an effective way to design more complex multilayered scaffolds with structural characteristics and biomechanical properties similar to those of natural tissue, so as to achieve an unprecedented level of tailoring multi–physics properties in tissue engineering, especially in the design of gradient scaffolds. Our study also represents advances in property decoupling, individual customization and collaborative design of metamaterials, which can be generalized to fluid and heat transport fields.超材料被广泛用于实现定制的多物理性质。然而,同时满足多个属性需求是一项挑战。例如,仿生支架的机械和质量传输特性必须妥协。本文提出了具有可调节拓扑特征的3d打印超材料,并提出了一种协调多种特性的拓扑优化策略。在给定的孔隙度下,在力学、能量吸收能力和质量传递特性之间进行权衡。获得了渗透率为2.34 ~ 3.44 × 10-7 m2、弹性模量为1.37 ~ 3.14 GPa的各向异性超材料,并进一步设计了梯度支架,以实现可调的局部特性。本文所描述的优化设计技术可以作为设计更复杂的多层支架的有效途径,使其具有与天然组织相似的结构特征和生物力学性能,从而在组织工程中,特别是在梯度支架的设计中,达到前所未有的裁剪多物理特性的水平。我们的研究还代表了超材料性质解耦、个性化定制和协同设计的进展,这些进展可以推广到流体和热输运领域。Solution of nonlinear vibration problem of shear deformable multilayer nonhomogeneous orthotropic plates using poincare-lindstedt methodM. Avey, N. Fantuzzi, A.H. Sofiyevdoi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118189用poincarei -lindstedt方法求解剪切变形多层非均匀正交各向异性板的非线性振动问题In this study, one of the first attempts is made to solve the nonlinear (NL) vibration problem of shear-deformable multilayer plates consisting of nonhomogeneous orthotropic layers (NHOLs) using the Poincaré-Lindstedt method. First, the shear deformation theory (SDT) for homogeneous plates is extended to multilayer plates composed of NHOLs. In the framework of von-Karman type nonlinear theory, the basic relations of the plates in question are established and then NL equations of motion based on four functions such as rotation angles, Airy stress and deflection functions are derived. Then, NL-partial differential equations (NL-PDEs) are reduced to NL-ordinary differential equations (NL-ODE) and the solution of NL-ODE is performed for the first time by the modified Poincaré −Lindstedt method, yielding new amplitude dependent expressions for NL frequency, and for the ratio of NL frequency to linear (NL/L) frequency for multilayer plates consisting of NHOLs. Finally, detailed parametric studies are carried out to gain insight into the effects of various factors such as shear strains, non-homogeneity, number and array of layers on the NL frequencies under different rectangular plate characteristics.本文首次尝试用poincar<s:1> - lindstedt方法求解由非均匀正交各向异性层组成的剪切变形多层板的非线性振动问题。首先,将均匀板的剪切变形理论(SDT)推广到由NHOLs组成的多层板。在von-Karman型非线性理论框架下,建立了所讨论板的基本关系,推导了基于旋转角、Airy应力和挠度函数的NL运动方程。然后,将NL-偏微分方程(NL- pdes)简化为NL-常微分方程(NL- ode),并首次采用改进的poincar<s:1>−Lindstedt方法求解NL- ode,得到了NL频率和NL频率与线性频率之比(NL/L)的新的振幅相关表达式。最后,进行了详细的参数化研究,以深入了解剪切应变、非均匀性、层数和层阵等因素对不同矩形板特性下NL频率的影响。A unified hybrid micromechanical model for predicting the thermal and electrical conductivity of graphene reinforced porous and saturated cement compositesHuanxun Liu, Chuang Feng, Yucheng Fan, Ziyan Hang, Jinzhu Zhangdoi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118202预测石墨烯增强多孔和饱和水泥复合材料导热性和导电性的统一混合微观力学模型Graphene fillers have gained widespread attention as functional reinforcements for cement composites due to their excellent physical properties. The prediction of the thermal and electrical properties of graphene reinforced cement composites (GRCCs) is of great importance for developing intelligent and multifunctional civil engineering materials and structures. In this current work, a unified hybrid micromechanical model combining effective medium theory (EMT) and Mori-Tanaka-Benveniste (MTB) is developed to simultaneously predict the thermal and electrical conductivity of the GRCCs with considering pores and saturation, in which mechanisms including phonon transport, electron tunnelling and Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) polarization are incorporated. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) reinforced cement composites (GNPRCCs) samples are prepared and tested to validate the developed unified model. The results show that the electrical conductivity of the GNPRCCs is more sensitive to saturation than the thermal conductivity. When the porosity n = 0.2 and the GNP concentration is 1 wt%, the relative thermal and electrical conductivity increases by 5 % and 193 %, respectively, when the saturation index increases from 0.6 to 1. Elongated pores are more favorable for the formation of ionic networks for electrical conductivity in the saturated GNPRCCs, while spherical pores are more beneficial for heat transport. Elongated graphene fillers are preferred for enhancing both the thermal and electrical conductivity of dry and saturated GNPRCCs. The work is envisaged to provide guidelines for developing multifunctional cement composites.石墨烯填料作为水泥复合材料的功能性增强材料,因其优异的物理性能而受到广泛关注。石墨烯增强水泥复合材料(grcc)的热电性能预测对于开发智能化、多功能的土木工程材料和结构具有重要意义。本文结合有效介质理论(EMT)和Mori-Tanaka-Benveniste (MTB)建立了一个统一的混合微观力学模型,在考虑孔隙和饱和度的情况下,同时预测了grcc的导热性和导电性,其中包括声子输运、电子隧穿和Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS)极化机制。制备了石墨烯纳米薄片(GNPs)增强水泥复合材料(GNPRCCs)样品,并对其进行了测试,以验证所开发的统一模型。结果表明,gnprcc的电导率比导热系数对饱和更敏感。当孔隙度n = 0.2,GNP浓度为1 wt%时,当饱和指数由0.6增加到1时,相对导热系数和导电性分别增加5 %和193 %。在饱和gnprcc中,细长孔更有利于离子网络的形成,而球形孔更有利于热传递。细长的石墨烯填料是提高干燥和饱和gnprcc的导热性和导电性的首选材料。预计这项工作将为开发多功能水泥复合材料提供指导。Composites Part A: Applied Science and ManufacturingMussel-like carbon fiber/MnO2 nanosheet heterostructures for mechanically strong carbon fiber/polyamide composites with excellent electromagnetic interference shieldingNa Sun, Quanqing Cui, Kun Qiao, Ye Zhang, Jiaqi Zhou, Shuhan Yan, Lu Liu, Bo Zhu, Bin Yudoi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108260 类贻贝碳纤维/二氧化锰纳米片异质结构的机械强碳纤维/聚酰胺复合材料具有优异的电磁干扰屏蔽In order to construct carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6) composites with both excellent mechanical properties and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties, in this paper, a multiscale coating of PDA-MnO2 was constructed on the CF surface based on the in-situ growth process of polydopamine (PDA) and δ-phase manganese dioxide (δ-MnO2) nanosheets. Interestingly, the introduction of PDA not only improved the yield and the crystal regularity of MnO2 nanosheets, but also enabled the strength of CF to be maintained. The interlayer shear strength and interfacial shear strength of the modified CF/PA6 composites were increased by 19.45% and 37.45%, respectively, compared with those of the desized CF/PA6 composites. Meanwhile, the introduction of MnO2 nanosheets also improved the EMI shielding performance of the composites to commercial standards. The interfacial enhancement and EMI shielding mechanisms of the composites were elaborated, which enriched the theoretical system of CF composites for multifunctional applications.为了构建具有优异力学性能和电磁干扰屏蔽性能的碳纤维(CF)增强聚酰胺6 (PA6)复合材料,本文基于聚多巴胺(PDA)和δ相二氧化锰(δ-MnO2)纳米片的原位生长工艺,在CF表面构建了一种多尺度的PDA- mno2涂层。有趣的是,PDA的引入不仅提高了MnO2纳米片的产率和晶体规则性,而且使CF的强度得以保持。改性后的CF/PA6复合材料的层间抗剪强度和界面抗剪强度分别比浆料CF/PA6复合材料提高了19.45%和37.45%。同时,二氧化锰纳米片的引入也将复合材料的电磁干扰屏蔽性能提高到商业标准。阐述了复合材料的界面增强和电磁干扰屏蔽机理,丰富了CF复合材料多功能应用的理论体系。Composites Part B: EngineeringDevelopment of Ag@Si composite sinter joining with ultra-high resistance to thermal shock test for SiC power device: experiment validation and numerical simulationYang Liu, Chuantong Chen, Ye Wang, Zheng Zhang, Ran Liu, Minoru Ueshima, Ichiro Ota, Hiroshi Nishikawa, Masahiko Nishijima, Koji S. Nakayama, Katsuaki Suganumadoi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111519 SiC功率器件用超高抗热冲击Ag@Si复合烧结接头的研制:实验验证与数值模拟Owing to its cost-effectiveness and low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), micron Si is incorporated into sintered Ag matrix to develop an Ag@Si composite sintering strategy. The Si integration helps reduce cost and alleviate CTE-mismatch of Ag-sintered die attachments. An innovative Ag@Si composite sintering structure is achieved by low-temperature and pressure-less sintering process, where a possibly slight diffusion of native SiO2 on the Si surface toward Ag is indicated by TEM observation, enabling the integration of Ag and Si into one continuous network. Owing to the robust well-bonded composite sintering, the Ag@Si joining strategy provides mechanical/microstructural reliability far beyond the pure Ag sinter joining, demonstrating significant prospects in high-temperature interconnection applications. During the harsh thermal cycling (−50∼250°C), the mitigating effect of the Si addition on CTE mismatch is manifested through the substantial suppression of microstructure deterioration in Ag@Si joint that occurs in pure-Ag-sintered joint, while the shear strength retention rate is doubled. Detailed investigation into the mechanism for elevated performance was conducted by material property and Missies stress analysis. The incorporation of Si helps modify the CTE, elastic properties, and stress distribution of Ag@Si-sintered material, synergistically contributing to the satisfactory joining reliability.由于其成本效益和低热膨胀系数(CTE),微米硅被纳入烧结银基体开发Ag@Si复合烧结策略。Si集成有助于降低成本,缓解银烧结模具附件的cte不匹配。通过低温无压烧结工艺,获得了一种创新的Ag@Si复合烧结结构,透射电镜观察表明,天然SiO2可能在Si表面向Ag扩散,从而使Ag和Si集成为一个连续的网络。由于结合良好的复合材料烧结,Ag@Si连接策略提供了远远超过纯银烧结连接的机械/显微组织可靠性,在高温互连应用中具有重要的前景。在严酷的热循环过程中(- 50 ~ 250°C),添加Si对CTE失配的缓解作用表现为显著抑制了纯银烧结接头Ag@Si接头的微观组织劣化,同时抗剪强度保持率提高了一倍。通过材料性能分析和Missies应力分析,详细探讨了提高性能的机理。Si的加入有助于改变Ag@Si-sintered材料的CTE、弹性性能和应力分布,协同作用有助于获得令人满意的连接可靠性。来源:复合材料力学仿真Composites FEM

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