【新文速递】2024年7月20日固体力学SCI期刊最新文章

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今日更新：Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 1 篇，International Journal of Plasticity 1 篇，Thin-Walled Structures 3 篇

Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids

A constitutive model that couples light propagation direction and deformation for photo-responsive polymers and polymeric gels

Haohui Zhang, Yuhang Hu

doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2024.105786

光响应聚合物和聚合物凝胶的光传播方向与变形耦合的本构模型

Light serves a pivotal function in polymer systems, creating a dynamic interplay with the materials. It initiates various photochemical processes such as polymerization, phase transitions, photo-isomerization, photo-ionization, etc, endowing the polymers with diverse functionalities. Concurrently, as these materials undergo the changes, their shape and optical properties evolve, which also change the light behaviors in terms of reflection, refraction, and propagation. This mutual interaction is intricate and can lead to novel phenomena. Understanding this complex coupling is crucial for generating new insights and paves the way for innovative design possibilities. In this study, we combine principles of geometrical optics with a nonlinear chemomechanical theory to investigate the interdependent effects of light direction and polymer behavior, including reactions and deformations. We apply this conceptual framework to a light-responsive hydrogel, illustrating a novel design of an optical fiber actuator through simulations. This example highlights how the interaction between light direction and the hydrogel’s photo-induced swelling governs actuation, and we discuss strategies to leverage this understanding for enhanced control and functionality of such devices. Additionally, we employ the model to analyze the growth morphology of the light-responsive hydrogel, offering a detailed examination of how these interactive forces contribute to the gel’s photo-induced morphological evolution.

光在聚合物系统中起着关键作用，与材料产生动态的相互作用。它引发了各种光化学过程，如聚合、相变、光异构化、光电离等，使聚合物具有多种功能。同时，随着这些材料的变化，它们的形状和光学性质也在变化，这也改变了光在反射、折射和传播方面的行为。这种相互作用是复杂的，可以导致新的现象。理解这种复杂的耦合对于产生新的见解和为创新设计铺平道路至关重要。在这项研究中，我们将几何光学原理与非线性化学力学理论相结合，研究了光方向和聚合物行为(包括反应和变形)的相互作用。我们将这一概念框架应用于光响应水凝胶，通过仿真说明了一种新型光纤致动器的设计。这个例子强调了光方向和水凝胶的光致膨胀之间的相互作用是如何控制驱动的，我们讨论了利用这种理解来增强这种装置的控制和功能的策略。此外，我们采用该模型来分析光响应水凝胶的生长形态，提供了这些相互作用力如何促进凝胶光诱导形态进化的详细检查。

International Journal of Plasticity

Effects of local strain on the plastic deformation and fracture mechanism of heterogeneous multilayered aluminum

Yiping Xia, Xin Bai, Huijun Fang, Xuewen Li, Xinbo Ni, He Wu, Kesong Miao, Rengeng Li, Honglan Xie, Hao Wu, Lin Geng, Guohua Fan

doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104078

局部应变对非均质多层铝塑性变形及断裂机制的影响

Elucidating the effect of local strain on the mechanical properties is of great significance for the design of high-performance layered metals. For this purpose, we conceived the present study, featured by tailoring the local strain by layer thickness design, and simultaneous monitoring of local strain and geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) via coupling in-situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and high-resolution digital image correlation (DIC). In addition, synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) was employed to analyze the microcracks that serve as another form of strain localization. Such detailed experimental studies revealed that the interfacial strain gradient was rapidly elevated, and the strain localization band was effectively dispersed as the layer thickness decreased. This leads to two typical transitions, from grain-boundary-related to layer-interface-related plastic deformation mode, and from macroscopic shear to zig-zag fracture mode. Their influences on the mechanical properties, as well as underlying mechanisms, were discussed based on the relationship among the layer thickness, strain gradient, strain localization, GND density, and microcracks. Our work not only contributes to the fundamental understanding of the mechanical behavior of multilayered metals but also offers guidance for the structural design of high-performance metals aimed at achieving superior strength-ductility combinations.

阐明局部应变对层状金属力学性能的影响对高性能层状金属的设计具有重要意义。为此，我们设想了本研究，其特点是通过层厚度设计定制局部应变，并通过耦合原位电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和高分辨率数字图像相关(DIC)同时监测局部应变和几何必要位错(GNDs)。此外，采用同步加速器x射线微计算机断层扫描(μCT)对作为另一种应变局部化形式的微裂纹进行了分析。详细的实验研究表明，随着层厚的减小，界面应变梯度迅速升高，应变局部化带有效分散。这导致了两种典型的转变，即从晶界相关到层界面相关的塑性变形模式，以及从宏观剪切到之字形断裂模式。基于层厚、应变梯度、应变局部化、GND密度和微裂纹之间的关系，讨论了它们对复合材料力学性能的影响及其机制。我们的工作不仅有助于对多层金属力学行为的基本理解，而且为高性能金属的结构设计提供指导，旨在实现卓越的强度-延性组合。

Thin-Walled Structures

Experiment and numerical investigation on beetle elytra inspired lattice structure: enhanced mechanical properties and customizable responses

Xiuxia Geng, Mingzhi Wang, Yinzhu Wang, Weidong Wang

doi:10.1016/j.tws.2024.112241

甲虫鞘翅启发晶格结构的实验和数值研究:增强的力学性能和可定制的响应

The elytra of the ironclad beetles possess very strong and toughness performance, to protect the body from catastrophic physical damage, owing to its unique curved geometry and layered microstructure. In this paper, inspired by the elytra of ironclad beetles, a novel configuration of lattice structure (IBCC) was developed. The digital light processing (DLP) with hard-tough resin was used to fabricate the lattice structures. The compression experiment and simulation were performed to investigate the mechanical response and deformation mechanism. The response surface model (RSM) was adopted to build a forward relationship between structure parameters and mechanical properties. A numerical method was developed to inversely design structure parameters of IBCC with “target” mechanical properties using genetic algorithm. The novel lattice structure exhibits superior stiffness and energy absorption than conventional BCC (body-centered cubic) and OCT (Octet) structures, under the same relative density. For example, IBCC shows a maximum 59% improvement (at ρ¯=9.60%) of stiffness, and a maximum 25% improvement (at ρ¯=7.40%) of SEA, with respect to OCT. Besides, the stress plateau of IBCC is more stable than OCT, even at relatively large compression strain. The superior mechanical response of the IBCC lattice structure is mainly ascribed to bio-inspired topological design and interaction effects of curved rods in the “V-shaped” region. Besides, the effectiveness of the proposed inverse design method is verified by three numerical cases. The proposed bio-inspired design strategy, mechanical enhancement mechanism, and customizable method will be helpful in expanding the prospects of lattice structures in future multifunctional application fields.

铁甲虫的甲壳具有独特的弯曲几何形状和分层微结构，因此具有非常强的韧性，可保护身体免受灾难性的物理损伤。本文受铁甲虫鳞甲的启发，开发了一种新颖的晶格结构（IBCC）。采用数字光处理技术（DLP）和硬韧树脂制造了晶格结构。通过压缩实验和模拟研究了机械响应和变形机理。采用响应面模型（RSM）建立了结构参数与力学性能之间的正向关系。利用遗传算法开发了一种数值方法来反向设计具有 “目标 ”力学性能的 IBCC 结构参数。在相同的相对密度下，新型晶格结构比传统的 BCC（体心立方）和 OCT（八面体）结构具有更高的刚度和能量吸收能力。例如，与 OCT 相比，IBCC 的刚度最大提高了 59%（ρ¯=9.60% 时），SEA 最大提高了 25%（ρ¯=7.40% 时）。此外，IBCC 的应力平台比 OCT 更稳定，即使在相对较大的压缩应变下也是如此。IBCC 晶格结构优越的机械响应主要归因于生物启发的拓扑设计和 “V 形 ”区域弯曲杆的相互作用效应。此外，还通过三个数值案例验证了所提出的逆向设计方法的有效性。所提出的生物启发设计策略、力学增强机制和可定制方法将有助于拓展晶格结构在未来多功能应用领域的前景。

Nonlinear Resonant Analyses of Graphene Oxide Powder Reinforced Hyperelastic Cylindrical Shells Containing Flowing-Fluid

J. Zhang, W. Zhang, Y.F. Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.tws.2024.112248

含流动流体的氧化石墨烯粉末增强超弹性圆柱壳的非线性共振分析

The resonant responses are investigated for the graphene oxide powder reinforced hyperelastic cylindrical (GOPRHC) shells containing flowing-fluid, and the shells are subjected to the radial harmonic excitations. Employing the improved Donnell's nonlinear shell theory, Halpin-Tsai model, hyperelastic constitution relation, velocity potential theory and Lagrange equation, the governing equation of motions are obtained for the GOPRHC shells containing flowing fluid. The amplitude frequency and force amplitude curves are presented by using the harmonic balance method and the pseudo-arc length continuation method. The effects of three distributions of the GOP, weight fraction of the GOP and fluid velocity on the natural frequency for the GOPRHC shells are discussed. The influences of different parameters on the dynamical responses for the GOPRHC shells containing flowing-fluid are conducted, including the external excitation, weight fraction of the GOP, fluid velocity and structural parameters. The results show that the GOPRHC shells with Hypere-X distribution containing flowing-fluid have the largest frequency. The super-harmonic resonance responses appear and present the synchronization effects with the primary resonant responses in the GOPRHC shells containing flowing-fluid. The increases of external excitations, fluid velocity, weight fraction of the GOP and structural parameters enrich the resonant responses for the GOPRHC shells. Compared to the fluid-filled hyperelastic cylindrical shells, the existence of the flowing-fluid makes the GOPRHC shells more prone to the chaotic vibrations. The hysteresis phenomena of chaotic vibrations occur in the GOPRHC shells containing flowing-fluid.

研究了含流动流体的氧化石墨烯粉末增强超弹性圆柱(GOPRHC)壳在径向谐波激励下的共振响应。利用改进的Donnell非线性壳理论、Halpin-Tsai模型、超弹性本构关系、速度势理论和拉格朗日方程，得到了含流动流体的GOPRHC壳的运动控制方程。采用谐波平衡法和伪弧长延延法得到了幅值、频率和力幅值曲线。讨论了GOP的三种分布、GOP的质量分数和流体速度对GOPRHC壳固有频率的影响。研究了外部激励、GOP质量分数、流体速度和结构参数等参数对含流动流体的GOPRHC壳动力响应的影响。结果表明:含流动流体的Hypere-X分布的GOPRHC壳层频率最大;在含流动流体的GOPRHC壳层中出现了超谐波共振响应，并与主共振响应呈现同步效应。外部激励、流体速度、GOP质量分数和结构参数的增加丰富了GOPRHC壳层的共振响应。与充满流体的超弹性圆柱壳相比，流动流体的存在使GOPRHC壳更容易产生混沌振动。含流动流体的GOPRHC壳体中存在混沌振动的滞回现象。

Static/fatigue response and degradation behaviors of CFRP/Ti bolted joints under salt-fog and ultraviolet synergistic marine environment

Haoyuan Suo, Kelin Deng, Kaifu Zhang, Hui Cheng, Biao Liang, Hailin Li, Bin Luo

doi:10.1016/j.tws.2024.112251

盐雾和紫外线协同海洋环境下CFRP/Ti螺栓连接静力/疲劳响应及退化行为

The complexity and uncertainty of the mechanical response behaviors of the bolted joints formed by carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) and titanium alloy (Ti) under complicated marine environment are serious challenges for their continuous and reliable service. This paper conducted comprehensive experimental research to characterize the static/fatigue response and degradation behaviors of CFRP/Ti bolted joints after salt-fog & ultraviolet synergistic environment aging. The load-displacement and strain properties during loading process, and the failure mechanisms were analyzed to identify the mechanical performances evolution of the joints. The results show that the structural damage and instability mechanisms are significantly influenced by the evolution of the contact state around the overlapping area and the composite materials degradation. More serious composites delamination occurs during loading process after aging, and the effect of friction energy dissipation to offset applied load decreases, leading to the failure mode evolves from bolt fracture to hole crushing. In addition, the fatigue life data were analyzed mathematically to reveal the evolution law of fatigue life with aging time and loading level, and two-parameter Weibull distribution was employed to study the fatigue life under different reliability levels.

复杂海洋环境下碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料(CFRP)与钛合金(Ti)螺栓连接力学响应行为的复杂性和不确定性对其持续可靠使用提出了严峻挑战。本文对CFRP/Ti螺栓连接在盐雾和紫外线协同环境老化后的静力/疲劳响应和退化行为进行了综合试验研究。分析了节点在加载过程中的荷载-位移和应变特性，以及破坏机制，识别了节点的力学性能演变过程。结果表明，复合材料的降解和重叠区域周围接触状态的演变对结构损伤和失稳机制有显著影响。时效后加载过程中复合材料分层现象更为严重，摩擦耗能抵消外加载荷的作用减弱，破坏模式由螺栓断裂演变为孔压破碎。此外，对疲劳寿命数据进行数学分析，揭示疲劳寿命随老化时间和载荷水平的演化规律，并采用双参数威布尔分布研究不同可靠性水平下的疲劳寿命。

来源：复合材料力学仿真Composites FEM

【新文速递】2024年7月22日固体力学SCI期刊最新文章

今日更新：International Journal of Solids and Structures 2 篇，Thin-Walled Structures 3 篇International Journal of Solids and StructuresUnlocking slip-mediated bending in multilayers: Efficient modeling and solutions with high precision and simplicityXiangtian Shen, Yueguang Wei, Yanwei Liudoi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2024.112971解锁滑动介导的多层弯曲:高精度和简单的高效建模和解决方案This work introduces a novel approach to understanding the bending behavior of multilayer structures with weak interfaces. Despite the existence of various theoretical models, achieving high accuracy and computational efficiency remains a challenge. To address these limitations, we propose a Non-uniform Slip Model (NSM) governed by two essential dimensionless parameters: the number of layers and the shear factor. Utilizing the Semiparametric Hybrid Variational (SHV) method, we derive theoretical solutions that require less computational effort and offer enhanced accuracy. We further simplify the NSM through homogenization to the Uniform Slip Model (USM), yielding clear and concise analytical solutions for deflection curves and effective bending stiffness with high precision. The USM is also extended to account for nonlinear slipping interfaces with continuous shearing flow, providing an analytical stiffness expression that includes the bending angle. This extension explains the experimental observation of multilayered graphene’s bending stiffness, which decreases from cubic to linear with increasing number of layers due to continuous slip and dislocation between atomic layers. Our study delivers theoretical insights for analyzing slip-mediated bending in laminated materials, paving the way for the design and optimization of such structures本文介绍了一种新的方法来理解具有弱界面的多层结构的弯曲行为。尽管存在各种各样的理论模型，但实现高精度和计算效率仍然是一个挑战。为了解决这些限制，我们提出了一个由两个基本无量纲参数控制的非均匀滑移模型(NSM):层数和剪切因子。利用半参数混合变分(SHV)方法，我们得到理论解决方案，需要更少的计算量，并提供更高的精度。我们进一步简化了NSM，将其均质化为均匀滑移模型(USM)，得到了清晰简洁的挠度曲线解析解和高精度的有效弯曲刚度。USM还扩展到考虑具有连续剪切流的非线性滑动界面，提供包含弯曲角的解析刚度表达式。这一扩展解释了多层石墨烯的弯曲刚度的实验观察，由于原子层之间的连续滑移和位错，随着层数的增加，石墨烯的弯曲刚度从立方减小到线性。我们的研究为分析滑移介导的层压材料弯曲提供了理论见解，为这种结构的设计和优化铺平了道路Extension of Tsai-Hill failure concept for mixed-mode I/II fracture investigation of orthotropic materials considering T-stress effectsAli Farahnak, Mahdi Fakoordoi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2024.112991考虑t应力效应的正交各向异性材料混合I/II型断裂研究中Tsai-Hill破坏概念的扩展An essential study in the discourse surrounding composite materials is the investigation of their fracture mechanics due to the intricate nature of composite structures, it is necessary to take into account the presence of cracks and faults throughout the design process. In this research, within the context of linear elastic fracture mechanics, the fracture criterion for orthotropic materials under mixed mode II/I loading is presented by expanding the Tsai-Hill failure criterion. According to the crack, it may be aligned or perpendicular to the fibers; the criterion is stated for both cases. Also, the effects of the non-singular stress component on crack growth have been investigated. The mechanical and fracture data of Russian pine wood was extracted through tensile testing and the finite element (FE) method. The validity of the proposed criterion, in comparison with the experimental findings extracted in this research, has been proved. The precision of the previous proposed fracture criteria has been reviewed in comparison with the proposed criterion The appropriate behavior of the fracture limit curves compared to the experimental data shows the efficacy of the proposed criterion to predict the initiation and propagation of cracks in orthotropic materials.由于复合材料结构的复杂性，研究其断裂力学是复合材料研究的一个重要内容，在设计过程中必须考虑到裂纹和断裂的存在。本研究在线弹性断裂力学的背景下，通过对Tsai-Hill破坏准则的扩展，提出了正交异性材料在II/I混合模式载荷下的断裂准则。根据裂纹的不同，它可以与纤维对齐或垂直;这两种情况都说明了标准。研究了非奇异应力分量对裂纹扩展的影响。通过拉伸试验和有限元法提取了俄罗斯松木的力学和断裂数据。通过与本研究中提取的实验结果的比较，证明了该准则的有效性。与实验数据相比，断裂极限曲线的适当行为表明了所提出的准则在预测正交异性材料裂纹的起裂和扩展方面的有效性。Thin-Walled StructuresSeismic performance of hybrid-connection CFS shear walls with self-piercing rivet and self-tapping screwZhiqiang Xie, Ying Fan, Wenying Zhang, Xiyang Lei, Meini Su, Daxing Zhou, Xiangdong Zhangdoi:10.1016/j.tws.2024.112228 自穿铆钉与自攻螺钉混合连接CFS剪力墙的抗震性能The previous test results indicate that the self-piercing riveted CFS shear wall exhibits the characteristics of high bearing capacity and stiffness, enhanced connection efficiency and mechanization degree. However, its deformation ability appears to be limited. Therefore, in order to improve the deformation capacity of the self-piercing riveted CFS shear wall and achieve the purpose of improving its seismic performance, this paper presents a novel hybrid-connection cold-formed steel (HCCFS) shear wall with self-piercing rivet (SPR) and self-tapping screw (STS). Five full-scale HCCFS shear wall specimens were tested under cycle loading to determine their failure mode, ductility, energy dissipation capacity, and stiffness degradation. A non-linear simplified analysis method of an HCCFS shear wall was proposed and the incremental dynamic analysis was conducted of a CFS structure with an HCCFS shear wall to further study the seismic performance. The results indicated that the primary failure modes of the HCCFS shear wall were steel sheet sheathing buckling, rivet head pull-over from sheet, and screw head pull-over from sheet. The hybrid connection type in which screws were added continuously significantly improved the seismic performance of shear walls. The proposed non-linear simplified analysis model accurately simulated the hysteric properties of shear walls. The seismic response modification coefficient (R = 6.5, Ω = 3.0) given in AISI S400 can be used to evaluate the seismic performance of a structure with an HCCFS shear wall.前期试验结果表明，自穿铆接CFS剪力墙具有承载力和刚度高、连接效率高、机械化程度高等特点。然而，其变形能力似乎是有限的。因此，为了提高自穿铆接CFS剪力墙的变形能力，达到提高其抗震性能的目的，本文提出了一种新型自穿铆钉(SPR)和自攻螺钉(STS)混合连接冷弯型钢(HCCFS)剪力墙。在循环荷载作用下，对5个全尺寸HCCFS剪力墙试件进行了破坏模式、延性、耗能能力和刚度退化试验。提出了一种HCCFS剪力墙的非线性简化分析方法，并对带有HCCFS剪力墙的CFS结构进行了增量动力分析，进一步研究了其抗震性能。结果表明:HCCFS剪力墙的主要破坏模式为钢板护套屈曲、铆钉头脱板和螺钉头脱板;连续添加螺钉的混合连接方式显著提高了剪力墙的抗震性能。提出的非线性简化分析模型准确地模拟了剪力墙的滞回特性。AISI S400给出的地震反应修正系数(R = 6.5，Ω = 3.0)可用于评价HCCFS剪力墙结构的抗震性能。Non-uniform elastic constraint modeling and stiffness identification for the bolted thin-walled cylindrical shellXin Liu, Yue Zhang, Jian Yangdoi:10.1016/j.tws.2024.112233螺栓薄壁圆柱壳非均匀弹性约束建模及刚度辨识To simulate the actual constraint condition, a novel non-uniform elastic constraint model with continuous stiffness variation and independent stiffness distribution is presented for dynamic modeling of the bolted thin-walled cylindrical shell. By combining the Marine Predators Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm, and modal shape recognition strategy, an accurate and efficient inverse identification method is developed to identify the constraint stiffness coefficients, based on the finite element models with bolt connections and non-uniform elastic constraint. Good agreement between the numerical and experimental results validates the correctness and effectiveness of the non-uniform elastic constraint model and its inverse identification method. The impacts of bolt number, stiffness coefficients and stiffness detuning on vibration characteristics of the shell with non-uniform elastic constraint are investigated. Results show that the parity of bolt number would change its impact pattern on natural frequencies, and the natural frequencies corresponding to lower circumferential wave numbers are more sensitive to the variation of stiffness coefficients. Increasing the bolt number can effectively reduce the sensitivity of vibration characteristics to the stiffness detuning of bolt connections, but large-scale stiffness detuning of bolt connections should be avoided especially when the number of bolts is large.为了模拟实际约束条件，提出了一种具有连续刚度变化和独立刚度分布的非均匀弹性约束模型，用于螺栓连接薄壁圆柱壳的动力学建模。结合海洋掠食者算法、遗传算法和模态振型识别策略，基于螺栓连接和非均匀弹性约束的有限元模型，提出了一种准确、高效的约束刚度系数反识别方法。数值结果与实验结果吻合较好，验证了非均匀弹性约束模型及其反识别方法的正确性和有效性。研究了螺栓数、刚度系数和刚度失谐对非均匀弹性约束下壳体振动特性的影响。结果表明，螺栓数的宇称性会改变其对固有频率的影响规律，且较低周向波数所对应的固有频率对刚度系数的变化更为敏感。增加螺栓数量可以有效降低振动特性对螺栓连接刚度失谐的敏感性，但尤其在螺栓数量较大的情况下，应避免螺栓连接出现大规模的刚度失谐。Analysis of Deformation and Multi-angle Tip Contact in a Combined Mechanism of Thin-walled Membrane Forces and Inextensible Layers in Soft ActuatorsMingyue Lu, Yanyan Wu, Zhao Zhang, Li Ding, Xing Ge, Xia Yedoi:10.1016/j.tws.2024.112245软执行器薄壁膜力与不可扩展层复合机构的变形与多角度尖端接触分析Soft actuators have extensive applications in operations, are generally made of elastomers, and generate large deformation. It makes accurately predicting their deformation behavior challenging. This study considers the combined effects of chamber sidewall expansion and inextensible layer strain mechanisms on the actuator's bending and tip contact force. We separately model the expansion of the chamber sidewall and the strain in the inextensible layer using the expanding membrane and strain beam theory. The theoretical model presented to predict the contact area of the sidewall expanding membrane under multiple bending conditions. The analytical models for three actuator states are established: 1) Free space; 2) Tip contact at multiple angles; and 3) Grasping state. The proposed theoretical model accurately predicts deformation, force characteristics, and the requisite pressure for object grasping, and its applicability extends to similar soft actuators. Comparative analyses with finite element methods (FEM) and experimental results validate the model's computational efficiency, reduced design variables, and accurate prediction of diverse deformations and tip contact forces. Notably, the model outperforms with shorter computation times. The large and small chamber spacing errors are approximately 10% and 5%, respectively.软执行器在作业中有广泛的应用，通常由弹性体制成，产生较大的变形。这使得准确预测它们的变形行为具有挑战性。本研究考虑了腔室侧壁膨胀和不可扩展层应变机制对执行器弯曲力和尖端接触力的综合影响。采用膨胀膜理论和应变梁理论分别对腔室侧壁的膨胀和不可扩展层的应变进行了建模。建立了预测多种弯曲条件下侧壁膨胀膜接触面积的理论模型。建立了三种作动器状态的解析模型:1)自由空间;2)尖端多角度接触;3)抓取状态。所提出的理论模型能准确地预测物体抓取时的变形、力特性和所需压力，其适用性扩展到类似的软执行器。与有限元方法(FEM)和实验结果的对比分析验证了该模型的计算效率，减少了设计变量，准确预测了各种变形和尖端接触力。值得注意的是，该模型具有更短的计算时间。大腔间距误差约为10%，小腔间距误差约为5%。来源：复合材料力学仿真Composites FEM