【新文速递】2024年7月21日复合材料SCI期刊最新文章

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今日更新：Composite Structures 1 篇，Composites Part B: Engineering 3 篇，Composites Science and Technology 1 篇

Composite Structures

Comprehensive investigation on modelling of low-velocity impact damage response of composite laminates − Experimental correlation and assessment

Kaidong Zheng, Dongfeng Cao, Haixiao Hu, Hongda Chen, Wei Cai, Shuxin Li

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118412

复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤响应建模综合研究−实验关联与评估

Low velocity impact (LVI) experiments are performed to provide correlations with the simulation results based on numerical modeling of the intralaminar matrix damage and interlaminar delamination damage of composite laminates. The good agreement between the numerical simulation and experimental results provided validation of the numerical modeling approach. The validated numerical modeling is then used in the parametrical assessment of the influence of material properties and model- related parameters on the global LVI deformation responses and the evolution characteristics of the intralaminar and interlaminar damage. It is observed that the element deletion method is not suitable to resolve the element distortion problem induced by the progressive damage. The numerical convergence problem caused by element distortion can be resolved with appropriate selection of threshold value of the critical damage parameter without element deletion. The parametrical numerical investigations showed that the variations of material properties and parameters related to interlaminar damage exhibited significant influence on the LVI global deformation responses and progressive damage evolutions. Meanwhile, insignificant influence of the material properties related to the intralaminar damage was observed for the normal variations within material scatters.

在对复合材料层板层间基体损伤和层间分层损伤进行数值模拟的基础上，进行了低速冲击(LVI)实验，以提供与仿真结果的相关性。数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好，验证了数值模拟方法的有效性。利用验证后的数值模拟，对材料性能和模型相关参数对LVI整体变形响应的影响以及层内和层间损伤的演化特征进行了参数化评估。结果表明，单元删除法不适用于解决渐进式损伤引起的单元变形问题。在不删除单元的情况下，适当选择临界损伤参数的阈值可以解决单元畸变引起的数值收敛问题。参数化数值研究表明，材料性能和层间损伤相关参数的变化对LVI整体变形响应和渐进损伤演化有显著影响。同时，材料散射体内部的正常变化对层间损伤相关的材料性能影响不显著。

Composites Part B: Engineering

High strength and fatigue performance achieved for L-PBF processed hybrid particle reinforced Al-Cu-Mg composite

Seren Senol, Guichuan Li, Vivek Devulapalli, Etienne Brodu, Kim Vanmeensel

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111736

L-PBF加工的杂化颗粒增强Al-Cu-Mg复合材料具有较高的强度和疲劳性能

This study highlights the successful manufacturing of a crack-free, dense, hybrid ex-situ/in-situ particle reinforced (Ti+B4C)/Al-Cu-Mg composite, fabricated by laser powder bed fusion and exhibiting exceptional mechanical performance. In its as-built (AB) state, the composite displays a unique microstructure characterized by equiaxed grains with an average grain size of 1.0 ± 0.3 μm, notable interdendritic microsegregation of Cu, Mg, Mn, and Fe, randomly distributed ex-situ added Ti and B4C particles featuring a surface interaction layer with the metal matrix, and in-situ formed reinforcing particles, such as TiB2 and TiC. After subjecting the material to hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and subsequent aging treatment, dissolution of interdendritically segregated elements occurs, and precipitation of Al2Cu, Al12Mg17, and Al-Fe-Cu-Mn phases is observed. Significantly enhanced fatigue performance is recorded, reaching to 107 cycles at 250 MPa in AB and 330 MPa in HIP state, marking a 32% improvement. The current study highlights the intricate relationship between the different microstructural features in AB and HIPed state, leading to fracture during tensile and fatigue loading conditions.

本研究成功制备了一种无裂纹、致密、非原位/原位混合颗粒增强(Ti+B4C)/Al-Cu-Mg复合材料，该复合材料采用激光粉末床熔合制备，具有优异的力学性能。在原位(AB)状态下，复合材料表现出独特的微观结构:平均晶粒尺寸为1.0±0.3 μm的等轴晶，枝晶间存在明显的Cu、Mg、Mn和Fe微偏析，随机分布的原位添加Ti和B4C颗粒与金属基体形成表面相互作用层，以及原位形成的TiB2和TiC等增强颗粒。经热等静压(HIP)和时效处理后，枝晶间分离元素发生溶解，析出Al2Cu、Al12Mg17和Al-Fe-Cu-Mn相。其疲劳性能显著提高，在AB状态下可达到250 MPa的107次循环，在HIP状态下可达到330 MPa，提高了32%。目前的研究强调了AB和HIPed状态下不同的显微组织特征之间的复杂关系，导致拉伸和疲劳加载条件下的断裂。

Recent advances on bast fiber composites: Engineering innovations, applications and perspectives

Shiyun Zhu, Junxian Xie, Qianqian Sun, Zhaohui Zhang, Jinming Wan, Ziyong Zhou, Junliang Lu, Jian Chen, Jun Xu, Kefu Chen, Mizi Fan

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111738

韧皮纤维复合材料的最新进展:工程创新、应用与展望

Plant fibers are a class of biomass resources one of most abundant materials on earth. The bast fiber, as one of the plant fibers with superior specific stiffness and strength, has received constant attention in the field of biocomposites for various industrial sectors. This study is to provide a comprehensive overview of bast fiber composites. The characteristic, chemical composition and performance of five types of most commonly available bast fibers (ramie, jute, kenaf, flax and hemp fibers), and their functionalization in biocomposites are analyzed. The engineering technologies and performance in uses, e.g. flame retardancy, adsorption, reinforcement, biodegradability green sustainability and recyclability of the bast fiber composites are assessed and compiled. The challenges and future development of bast fiber composites are also discussed. The review is expected to provide a platform database but insightful understanding for effective engineering design and broadened applications of bast fiber composites, and for further innovations of functionalized bast fiber composites.

植物纤维是一类生物质资源，是地球上最丰富的物质之一。韧皮纤维作为一种具有优良比刚度和比强度的植物纤维，在生物复合材料领域受到了广泛的关注。本文对韧皮纤维复合材料进行了综述。分析了苎麻、黄麻、红麻、亚麻和大麻五种常用麻类纤维的特性、化学成分和性能，以及它们在生物复合材料中的功能化作用。对韧皮纤维复合材料的阻燃性、吸附性、增强性、可生物降解性、绿色可持续性和可回收性等工程技术和使用性能进行了评价和汇编。讨论了韧皮纤维复合材料面临的挑战和未来的发展。本文的研究将为有效的工程设计和拓展基材纤维复合材料的应用，以及功能化基材纤维复合材料的进一步创新提供一个平台、数据库和深刻的认识。

Nanomechanical characterization of carbon nanotube-based composite interfaces tailored by electrophoretic deposition

Dae Han Sung, Sagar M. Doshi, Andrew N. Rider, Erik T. Thostenson

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111741

电泳沉积碳纳米管基复合材料界面的纳米力学表征

Carbon nanotube (CNT) addition to composite materials can offer both nanoscale reinforcement and a multifunctional element due to their extraordinary mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) offers a scalable processing technique to incorporate CNTs into conventional fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPCs), facilitating the production of unique nanoscale structures in the critical interphase region. In this study, CNTs functionalized with polyethyleneimine (CNT-PEI) were deposited onto a planar substrate via EPD followed by the infusion of epoxy matrix in order to replicate the nanocomposite interphase region present in nanomodified FRPCs. The nanocomposite films have thicknesses ranging from several hundred nanometers to a few microns to represent different fiber-matrix interphase regions found in FRPCs. The morphology and mechanical performance of CNT-PEI/epoxy nanocomposites are examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in both tapping and nanoindentation modes. The EPD creates a homogeneously distributed porous CNT network bridged by PEI, forming the pathway of epoxy resin infusion through interconnected pores with diameters less than 100 nm. CNT-PEI/epoxy nanocomposites exhibited significant improvements in stiffness, hardness, and creep resistance compared to constituent porous CNT-PEI films and neat epoxy. The improvement was directly related to the ability of the load bearing CNTs chemically bonded with the epoxy matrix through the grafted PEI, providing an efficient load transfer mechanism. The chemical bond between the porous CNT-PEI and epoxy also produced far greater fracture surface in nanoscale scratch tests compared to unmodified epoxy, indicating the CNT-PEI/epoxy nanocomposite is capable of distributing load and absorbing more energy prior to fracture.

碳纳米管(CNT)添加到复合材料中，由于其非凡的机械、热学和电学性能，可以提供纳米级的增强材料和多功能元件。电泳沉积(EPD)提供了一种可扩展的加工技术，将碳纳米管结合到传统的纤维增强聚合物复合材料(frpc)中，促进了在关键相间区生产独特的纳米级结构。在本研究中，通过EPD将聚乙烯亚胺功能化的CNTs (CNT-PEI)沉积在平面基底上，然后注入环氧基，以复制纳米改性frpc中存在的纳米复合相间区。纳米复合膜的厚度从几百纳米到几微米不等，以代表在frpc中发现的不同的纤维基质间相区域。采用原子力显微镜(AFM)对CNT-PEI/环氧树脂纳米复合材料在攻丝和纳米压痕两种模式下的形貌和力学性能进行了研究。EPD通过PEI桥接形成均匀分布的多孔碳纳米管网络，形成了环氧树脂通过直径小于100 nm的互连孔注入的途径。与组成多孔CNT-PEI薄膜和纯环氧树脂相比，CNT-PEI/环氧纳米复合材料在刚度、硬度和抗蠕变性能方面都有显著提高。这种改善与负载CNTs通过接枝PEI与环氧基化学结合的能力直接相关，从而提供了有效的负载传递机制。与未改性的环氧树脂相比，多孔CNT-PEI与环氧树脂之间的化学键也在纳米尺度划痕测试中产生了更大的破裂面，这表明CNT-PEI/环氧纳米复合材料能够在破裂前分配载荷并吸收更多的能量。

Composites Science and Technology

A Statistical Volume Element-based procedure for the prediction of the mechanical and electrical response of an epoxy-PZT self-sensing layer for application in composite laminates

Michele Gulino, Tommaso Maria Brugo, Alessandro Pirondi, Andrea Zucchelli

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110772

基于统计体积元的预测环氧树脂- pzt自感层的机械和电气响应的程序，用于复合材料层合板

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques are being developed to continuously oversee defects in composite structures. Within this context, research is focusing on the development of new types of sensors with high sensitivity and a proper integration in the laminate.In this work, the mechanical and electrical properties of a recently developed piezoelectric composite material made of a Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) powder embedded in an epoxy matrix are evaluated with finite element simulations of plane strain Statistical Volume Elements (SVEs). The homogenized properties are then implemented in a second finite element model of a composite specimen with the embedded self-sensing material and loaded in compression. The electrical sensitivity is evaluated as a function of the distance between the signal electrodes.The results show that the finite element models with the homogenized properties have decreasing sensitivity with increasing electrodes distance, in agreement with the experimental results from another work, in which Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) laminates with the embedded piezoelectric composite are loaded in compression and tested for output signal.

结构健康监测(SHM)技术的发展是为了持续监测复合材料结构的缺陷。在这种背景下，研究的重点是开发具有高灵敏度和适当集成在层压板中的新型传感器。在这项工作中，利用平面应变统计体积元(SVEs)的有限元模拟评估了最近开发的一种由锆钛酸铅(PZT)粉末嵌入环氧树脂基体制成的压电复合材料的机械和电气性能。然后，在嵌入自传感材料并加载压缩的复合材料的第二个有限元模型中实现均匀化特性。电灵敏度作为信号电极之间距离的函数来评估。结果表明，随着电极距离的增加，具有均匀性的有限元模型的灵敏度降低，这与另一项工作的实验结果一致，该工作是对嵌入压电复合材料的玻璃纤维增强聚合物(玻璃钢)层合板进行压缩加载并测试输出信号。

来源：复合材料力学仿真Composites FEM

【新文速递】2024年7月24日复合材料SCI期刊最新文章

今日更新：Composite Structures 1 篇，Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 4 篇，Composites Part B: Engineering 1 篇Composite StructuresThree-dimensional vibration analysis of multilayered composite and functionally graded piezoelectric plates and shellsS. Brischetto, D. Cesaredoi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118413多层复合材料和功能梯度压电板壳的三维振动分析In the present paper, a coupled 3D exact electro-elastic shell model for Functionally Graded (FG) and composite piezoelectric structures is proposed. Primary variables of the electro-elastic model are the electric potential and the three displacement components. The model allows to evaluate the piezoelectric effect in terms of frequencies and vibration modes. Both closed and open circuit configurations are analyzed and compared. The 3D equilibrium equations and the 3D divergence electric displacement equation for spherical shells give the set of partial differential equations for the electro-elastic problem. The proposed model for spherical shells automatically degenerates into simpler models for plates and cylindrical shells via properly considerations on radii of curvature along in-plane directions. The orthogonal mixed curvilinear coordinates α, β and z are employed. The partial differential governing equations have constant coefficients considering fictitious layers and they are solved using the Navier harmonic form and the exponential matrix method. These features lead to an exact solution for simply-supported boundary conditions. Free vibration analyses are conducted and circular frequencies for the first three thickness vibration modes are computed. After a global assessment phase to verify the correctness of the developed model, new benchmarks are proposed: different thickness ratios and material configurations are investigated. The present work can be intended as a reference general solution for those scientists interested in the study of piezoelectric structures via 2D analytical and numerical formulations.本文提出了功能梯度（FG）和复合压电结构的三维精确电弹性壳体耦合模型。电弹性模型的主要变量是电动势和三个位移分量。该模型可根据频率和振动模式评估压电效应。对闭路和开路配置进行了分析和比较。球壳的三维平衡方程和三维发散电位移方程给出了电弹性问题的偏微分方程组。通过适当考虑沿平面方向的曲率半径，所提出的球壳模型会自动退化为更简单的板壳和圆柱壳模型。模型采用了正交混合曲线坐标 α、β 和 z。考虑到虚构层，偏微分控制方程具有常数系数，并采用纳维谐波形式和指数矩阵法求解。这些特点导致了对简单支撑边界条件的精确求解。进行了自由振动分析，并计算了前三个厚度振动模式的圆周频率。经过全面评估阶段以验证所开发模型的正确性后，提出了新的基准：研究了不同的厚度比和材料配置。本研究成果可作为一般参考解决方案，供对通过二维分析和数值公式研究压电结构感兴趣的科学家参考。Composites Part A: Applied Science and ManufacturingUltra-high temperature brazing of C/C using a simplified FeNiCrCu high-entropy alloy as fillerXin Jiang, Guifeng Zhang, Kaiming Wang, Peng Hedoi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108370 采用简化FeNiCrCu高熵合金作为钎料进行C/C超高温钎焊To increase remelting temperature of C/C brazed joint, a simplified FeNiCrCu high-entropy alloy (HEA) filler was designed in high-temperature brazing (HTB). The joint formation mechanism and fracture behavior were studied. The eutectic reaction of FeNiCrCu HEA with C/C could not occur, helping increase joint remelting temperature over HEA melting point (1334 °C). For the recommended parameter 1350 °C-2 min, C/C dissolution occurred well, and no defect was observed both at interface and within bond seam. The maximum shear strength was 24.2 MPa due to the high strength in-situ (Cr,Fe)3C2 reinforced the high plastic Cu-Ni-Fe(S.S.) matrix and intimate wavy interface. Cr existed only in M3C2 in bond seam, reducing both carbon content and CTE of bond seam. For higher temperature and longer time, excessive liquid carbon content resulted in the presence of large solidified carbon with defect at interface, joint shear strength decreased dramatically. These results provide a unique braze system for brazing carbon-based materials.为了提高C/C钎焊接头的重熔温度，设计了一种简化的FeNiCrCu高熵合金(HEA)钎料用于高温钎焊(HTB)。研究了接头的形成机理和断裂行为。FeNiCrCu HEA与C/C的共晶反应不能发生，有助于提高接头重熔温度超过HEA熔点(1334 °C)。当推荐参数为1350 °C-2 min时，C/C溶解良好，界面和粘结缝内均未出现缺陷。高强度原位(Cr,Fe)3C2增强了高塑性Cu-Ni-Fe(S.S.)基体和紧密波状界面，最大抗剪强度为24.2 MPa。Cr仅存在于粘结缝的M3C2中，降低了粘结缝的含碳量和CTE。温度越高、时间越长，液态碳含量过高导致界面处存在较大的凝固碳缺陷，节理抗剪强度急剧下降。这些结果为钎焊碳基材料提供了一个独特的钎焊系统。Design of polyimide/carbon nanotube@Ag@polyimide/graphene composite aerogel for infrared stealth and electromagnetic interference protectionWuxuan Zheng, Hai Xie, Jinmei Li, Hao Yu, Zhangzhang Tang, Guangke Tian, Qihua Wang, Tingmei Wangdoi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108371 聚酰亚胺/碳nanotube@Ag@聚酰亚胺/石墨烯复合气凝胶的红外隐身和电磁干扰防护设计CHATGPT artificial intelligence is taking the world by storm, and countless electronic devices will generate massive amounts of electromagnetic interference (EMI). Hence, there is a pressing demand for materials exhibiting high thermal conductivity and superior EMI shielding effectiveness (SE). Thus, we construct a polyimide/carbon nanotube@Ag@polyimide/graphene (PCAPG) composite aerogel with porous, layered, and homogeneous structures in one, which provides a new idea for the multi-interface polarization interaction and special structure of anti-EMI materials. PCAPG has high thermal conductivity of ∼ 0.259 W (mK)-1 at 25 °C, excellent EMI SE of ∼ 90.28 dB and specific shielding effectiveness (SSE) of ∼ 940.42 dB cm3 g−1. The synergistic EMI attenuation mechanism of the PCAPG composite structure is analyzed using an aerogel unit. This composite aerogel provides a viable solution for infrared stealth, promoting heat dissipation from electronic components and reducing electromagnetic interference.人工智能正在席卷全球，无数的电子设备将产生大量的电磁干扰(EMI)。因此，对具有高导热性和优异的电磁干扰屏蔽效能(SE)的材料有迫切的需求。因此，我们构建了一种集多孔、层状和均相结构于一体的聚酰亚胺/碳nanotube@Ag@聚酰亚胺/石墨烯(PCAPG)复合气凝胶，为抗电磁干扰材料的多界面极化相互作用和特殊结构提供了新的思路。PCAPG具有较高的热导率的 ∼ 25 0.259 W(可)1°C,优秀EMI SE ∼ 90.28 dB和具体的屏蔽效能(SSE)的 ∼ 940.42 dB立方厘米克−1。利用气凝胶装置分析了PCAPG复合结构的协同EMI衰减机理。这种复合气凝胶为红外隐身提供了可行的解决方案，促进了电子元件的散热，减少了电磁干扰。Multifunctional, efficient, and durable composites of conductive PMIA/Ag membraneBai Jiang, Jianxun Shang, Faying Zhang, Na Li, Yan Wang, Zuming Hu, Junrong Yudoi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108372多功能、高效、耐用的导电PMIA/Ag膜复合材料Developing high-efficiency electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composite membranes along with additional functionalities to extend the application scenarios is highly desirable for the next generation electronic devices. Here, we report an ultrathin and flexible EMI shielding materials with sensitive Joule heating and outstanding infrared stealth performance was fabricated from poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide (PMIA) and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) through an innovation and simplicity method of electrospinning and electroless plating. Profiting from a continuous three-dimensional (3D) conductive network, the final membrane achieves an outstanding EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 100.51 dB (in X-band), a remarkable Joule heating properties with a fast thermal response and low driving voltage (<0.5V), and an outstanding infrared stealth with a low infrared emissivity (0.28). Meanwhile, the prepared composite membrane demonstrates stable EMI SE even after water washing, continuous bending, and heating treatment. This work integrates high-performance fiber PMIA, characterized by high heat resistance, flame retardancy, self-extinguishing properties, and chemical resistance, with functions such as EMI shielding, infrared stealth, and autonomous thermal management. It has great development potential if utilized in specialized combat uniforms under harsh conditions.开发高效电磁干扰(EMI)屏蔽复合膜以及扩展应用场景的附加功能是下一代电子设备非常需要的。在这里，我们报道了一种超薄的柔性电磁干扰屏蔽材料，具有灵敏的焦耳加热和出色的红外隐身性能，由聚-间苯二胺(PMIA)和银纳米粒子(AgNPs)通过静电纺丝和化学镀的创新和简单的方法。得益于连续的三维(3D)导电网络，最终膜实现了100.51 dB (x波段)的出色EMI屏蔽效率(SE)，具有快速热响应和低驱动电压(<0.5V)的卓越焦耳加热性能，以及具有低红外发射率(0.28)的出色红外隐身性能。同时，制备的复合膜在水洗、连续弯曲和加热处理后仍具有稳定的EMI SE。本工作集成了高性能PMIA纤维，具有高耐热性、阻燃性、自熄性和耐化学性，具有EMI屏蔽、红外隐身和自主热管理等功能。如果在恶劣条件下的特种作战制服中使用，具有很大的发展潜力。Composites Part B: EngineeringDynamically Crosslinked ECM-like Hydrogels Loaded with ROS-responsive Drug Nanoparticles for Treating Inflammation in Myocardial Infarction and StrokeZhicun Wang, Cheng Hu, Wen Zhang, Wenqi Liu, Shuyi He, Yang Liu, Li Yang, Yunbing Wangdoi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111734动态交联载ros反应药物纳米颗粒的类ecm水凝胶用于治疗心肌梗死和中风的炎症Following a myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke, the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within a breaf timeframe may induce a pronounced inflammatory reaction, which exacerbates the progression of the disease. Thus, there is an urgent need to design a biomaterial to inhibit the inflammatory response associated with MI and stroke. In this study, we designed a reversible extracellular matrix (ECM)-like hydrogel via borate ester crosslinking, which responds to the inflammatory microenvironment affected by MI and stroke. At the same time, we developed a new type of loaded polymer nanoparticle (TK-DA) that can respond to ROS in ischemic regions and release the antiinflammatory drug dexamethasone. Ultimately, we integrated the nanoparticles and ECM-like hydrogel to fabricate a functional hydrogels.To verify the therapeutic effect of the functional hydrogel, we established two models of typical ischemic diseases, MI and stroke. The results showed that the hydrogel substantially reduced ROS levels and inflammation in vitro. Moreover, the results of the two in vivo animal models demonstrated that this functional hydrogel can effectively treat MI and stroke by suppressing inflammatory responses, mitigating apoptosis, and promoting neovascularization. In conclusion, the functional hydrogel strategy presents a universally applicable treatment approach for ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which are not limitted solely to the treatment of MI and stroke, but also hold future potential for clinical applications.心肌梗死(MI)或中风后，呼吸时间内活性氧(ROS)的过量产生可能诱发明显的炎症反应，从而加剧疾病的进展。因此，迫切需要设计一种生物材料来抑制心肌梗死和脑卒中相关的炎症反应。在这项研究中，我们通过硼酸酯交联设计了一种可逆的细胞外基质(ECM)样水凝胶，该水凝胶对心肌梗死和中风影响的炎症微环境做出反应。同时，我们开发了一种新型负载聚合物纳米颗粒(TK-DA)，它可以响应缺血区域的ROS并释放抗炎药物地塞米松。最终，我们将纳米颗粒与类ecm水凝胶结合，制成功能性水凝胶。为了验证功能性水凝胶的治疗效果，我们建立了心肌梗死和脑卒中两种典型缺血性疾病模型。结果表明，水凝胶在体外显著降低ROS水平和炎症。此外，两种体内动物模型的结果表明，该功能性水凝胶可以通过抑制炎症反应、减轻细胞凋亡和促进新生血管形成来有效治疗心肌梗死和脑卒中。综上所述，功能性水凝胶策略是一种普遍适用于缺血性心脑血管疾病的治疗方法，它不仅局限于心肌梗死和脑卒中的治疗，而且具有未来临床应用的潜力。来源：复合材料力学仿真Composites FEM