【新文速递】2024年9月11日复合材料SCI期刊最新文章

4天前浏览67

今日更新：Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 1 篇，Composites Part B: Engineering 4 篇，Composites Science and Technology 1 篇

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Vibroscope method for determination of cross-sectional area of glass and carbon fibres– Theory and further development

Bo Madsen, Jan Høgsberg, Hans Lilholt

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108446

玻璃纤维和碳纤维横截面积测定用振动镜方法。理论和进一步发展

Accurate determination of cross-sectional area of glass and carbon fibres by the vibroscope method is examined. Complete derivations of the central frequency solutions are presented, to make these derivations accessible in modern scientific literature. The effect of non-zero bending stiffness is included. The influence of shape of fibre cross-sectional area is analysed. Only small deviations in cross-sectional areas are found due to fibre shape, allowing for the use of the vibroscope method for fibres with non-circular cross-sectional areas. Two correction factors are introduced for the effect of volume change and area change of a tensioned fibre, allowing determination of the cross-sectional area of the non-tensioned fibre. A model plot of the vibroscope equation is presented, showing the numerical effect of the corrections on the fibre cross-sectional area depending on the applied tension force. The relations shown by the model plot have implications for the experimental settings of the vibroscope method.

研究了用振镜法精确测定玻璃纤维和碳纤维的横截面积。给出了中心频率解的完整推导，使这些推导在现代科学文献中易于理解。考虑了非零弯曲刚度的影响。分析了纤维截面面积形状的影响。由于纤维形状的原因，截面积只有很小的偏差，允许对非圆形截面积的纤维使用测振仪方法。引入了两个校正因子对拉伸纤维的体积变化和面积变化的影响，从而可以确定未拉伸纤维的横截面积。给出了测振器方程的模型图，显示了根据施加的张力，修正对纤维横截面积的数值影响。模型图所示的关系对测振仪方法的实验设置具有启示意义。

Composites Part B: Engineering

Enhancing toughness in cement-based composites: unraveling the composite effect mechanisms of polymers and fibers through physic testing and molecular dynamics simulations

Shi-Wei Zhang, Ru Wang, Jiao-Long Zhang, Yong Yuan

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111827

增强水泥基复合材料的韧性:通过物理测试和分子动力学模拟揭示聚合物和纤维的复合效应机制

To reveal the toughening mechanism of polymers and fibers in composite applications, a combination of physical tests (uniaxial compression, flexural fracture, single fiber pull-out, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD)) and molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out. Three polymers, i.e. ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), styrene-acrylate copolymer (SAE), and styrene-butadiene copolymer (SB), and two fibers, i.e. polypropylene fiber (PP) and polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVA) are considered. Their composite effect mechanisms are explained in the viewpoint of three scales. At the macro-scale, the pull-out tests of single fiber show that the polymer increased the equivalent bond strength between the fiber and the mortar matrix. At micro-scale, it was observed from the SEM experiments that the fiber and polymer film inhibited the crack extension at different scales, besides the polymer could absorb on the fiber surface to improve the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) density around the fiber and increase the roughness of the fiber surface. At nano-scale, MD simulations demonstrate that three polymers facilitated the bond strength between PP fiber and C-S-H at the nano-scale, mainly because of the formation of Ca-O coordination bond and H-bonds between the polymers and C-S-H, and the presence of van der Waals forces between the polymers and PP fiber. However, SAE facilitated the bonding between the PVA fibers and the C-S-H, which originated from the coordination bonds formed between Ca ions on the surface of SAE and O atoms in PVA. In addition, the large number of H-bonds formed between SAE and PVA.

为了揭示聚合物和纤维在复合材料应用中的增韧机理，进行了物理测试(单轴压缩、弯曲断裂、单纤维拉出、扫描电子显微镜和x射线衍射(XRD))和分子动力学模拟。考虑了三种聚合物，即乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)、苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物(SAE)和苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物(SB)和两种纤维，即聚丙烯纤维(PP)和聚乙烯醇纤维(PVA)。从三个尺度的角度解释了它们的复合效应机制。在宏观尺度上，单纤维的拉拔试验表明，聚合物提高了纤维与砂浆基体之间的等效粘结强度。在微观尺度上，SEM实验观察到，纤维和聚合物膜在不同尺度上抑制了裂纹的扩展，聚合物在纤维表面的吸附作用提高了纤维周围界面过渡区(ITZ)密度，增加了纤维表面的粗糙度。在纳米尺度上，MD模拟表明，三种聚合物在纳米尺度上促进了PP纤维与C-S-H之间的键合强度，主要是由于聚合物与C-S-H之间形成了Ca-O配位键和h键，以及聚合物与PP纤维之间存在范德华力。然而，SAE促进了PVA纤维与C-S-H之间的键合，这源于SAE表面的Ca离子与PVA中的O原子之间形成的配位键。此外，SAE与PVA之间形成了大量的氢键。

In-situ formed silicon oxycarbide nanowires into porous SiC(rGO) PDCs enable balanced enhancement of robustness and thermal management

Wenyan Huang, Jiahao Liang, Kaiqi Chen, Ying Yu, Yeqi Zhu, Junhui Li, Cheng Pan, Yipeng Guo, Siqi Lan, Rongqian Yao

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111828

原位形成的碳化硅纳米线可用于多孔碳化硅(rGO) pdc，可平衡增强稳健性和热管理

With ongoing development of rocket combustion and hypersonic vehicles, urgent needs are created on thermal structures, protection and thermal insulating materials, particularly balanced enhancement of mechanical and antioxidant properties. Herein, we propose a design strategy to construct continuous in-situ formed SiOC nanowires (SiOCnws)-toughened self-healing SiOx coatings into porous SiC(rGO) PDCs. The key production technique is re-pyrolyzing coassembled flexible precursors/SiC(rGO)p/graphite blends, followed by decarbonization and silica sol impregnation-sintering (SIS) process. Well-distributed hierarchical pores are built to heighten thermal insulation properties by the integrated decarburization of graphite coupled with free carbon. High-yield SiOCnws, with high surface activity, are first cultivated via graphite-assisted vapor-solid (VS) mechanism without transition metal catalysts. They interconnect to form intricate 3D meshwork by graphite-assisted melt-spinning and have good compatibility with ceramic matrix and SiOx coatings by carbothermal reaction. Hierarchically porous SiOCnws/SiC(rGO)40% PDCs after once SIS exhibit favorable thermal conductivity of 0.27 W·m-1·K-1 and exceptional high robustness (compressive strength: 39.02 MPa, hardness: 10.27 GPa). Such composites display low reflection loss of -48.14 dB at 11.22 GHz and even good structural stability at about 1300 °C as burned by a butane blowtorch for 3600 s, shedding light on competitive components for uses in thermal protection fields.

随着火箭燃烧和高超音速飞行器的不断发展，对热结构、保护和隔热材料提出了迫切的需求，尤其是在提高机械性能和抗氧化性能方面。在此，我们提出了一种在多孔 SiC（rGO）PDC 中构建连续原位成型 SiOC 纳米线（SiOCnws）-增韧自修复 SiOx 涂层的设计策略。关键的生产技术是重新热解共组装柔性前驱体/SiC(rGO)p/石墨混合物，然后进行脱碳和硅溶胶浸渍-烧结（SIS）工艺。通过对石墨和游离碳进行综合脱碳，形成了分布均匀的分层孔隙，从而提高了隔热性能。首先在不使用过渡金属催化剂的情况下，通过石墨辅助气固（VS）机制培养出具有高表面活性的高产 SiOCnws。它们通过石墨辅助熔融纺丝相互连接形成复杂的三维网状结构，并通过碳热反应与陶瓷基体和氧化硅涂层具有良好的兼容性。经过一次 SIS 后的分层多孔 SiOCnws/SiC(rGO)40%PDC 具有 0.27 W-m-1-K-1 的良好热导率和超高的坚固性（抗压强度：39.02 MPa，硬度：10.27 GPa）。这种复合材料在 11.22 GHz 频率下的反射损耗低至 -48.14 dB，甚至在丁烷喷灯灼烧约 1300 °C 3600 秒后仍具有良好的结构稳定性，为热保护领域提供了具有竞争力的元件。

Electrical resistance based residual strength prediction method for SiC/SiC mini-composites after stress-free oxidation

Beichen Xue, Guoqiang Yu, Chuyang Xie, Wenbing Ma, Jiaming Li, Xiguang Gao, Fang Wang, Yingdong Song

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111832

基于电阻的SiC/SiC微复合材料无应力氧化残余强度预测方法

A stress-free oxidation model considering the microstructural characteristics of SiC/SiC mini-composites was proposed based on the electrical resistance change before and after oxidation. The relationship between the electrical resistance and the thickness of the internal fiber oxide layer was established. The stress-free oxidation tests were carried out at different temperatures for different oxidation times. The results of the oxide layer thickness calculated by the model agree well with those of the SEM observation. Based on the microstructure of tensile fracture after oxidation, the residual strength model of SiC/SiC mini-composites was proposed. The residual strength of the specimens after stress-free oxidation was calculated based on the oxide layer thickness obtained from the model. The error between the calculated and experimental results is within 14.48%.

基于氧化前后的电阻变化，提出了一种考虑SiC/SiC微型复合材料微观结构特征的无应力氧化模型。建立了电阻与内部氧化纤维层厚度之间的关系。在不同温度、不同氧化时间下进行了无应力氧化试验。模型计算的氧化层厚度与SEM观测结果吻合较好。基于氧化后拉伸断裂的微观组织，提出了SiC/SiC微型复合材料的残余强度模型。根据模型得到的氧化层厚度计算试样无应力氧化后的残余强度。计算结果与实验结果的误差在14.48%以内。

Hierarchical microstructure design of multifunctional soft collagen-incorporated 3D hard polyetherketoneketone scaffolds for augmented bone regeneration

Huanhuan Liu, Xiaoyin Liu, Taiqing Liu, Sihan Rao, ManLin Sun, YuSen Shui, Tian Luo, Yuwei Zhao, Haiyang Yu

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111833

多功能软胶原复合三维硬聚醚酮增强骨再生支架的分层结构设计

Implant-associated infections and insufficient osseointegration are still great challenges in clinical load-bearing applications. Exploiting the antibacterial effects and immunomodulatory properties of biomaterials has garnered substantial attention. Inspired by structural and functional cues in bone regeneration, a universal approach was proposed in which a hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating was built on 3D printed polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) scaffold, and a bioactive component-loaded soft mineralized collagen hydrogel was incorporated into 3D hard PEKK scaffold. While the PEKK scaffold exhibited exceptional mechanical performance, in vitro and in vivo data confirmed that exosomes derived from rat bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells (rBMSCs) loaded on collagen hydrogel facilitate efficient osteoimmunomodulation of the PEKK-based scaffold (denoted as the PEKK-HAp-Col/Exo scaffold). Additionally, vancomycin-loaded nanoparticles cross-linked with collagen hydrogel endowed the PEKK-based scaffold (denoted as the PEKK-HAp-Col/Van scaffold) with enhanced antibacterial effects. Overall, this study not only sheds light on the significance of exosomes in the osteoimmunomodulation of an implant but also presents a universal material–structure–function integrated strategy to fabricate multifunctional scaffolds with a soft-hard hybrid structure for clinical large-scale bone defect repair.

种植体相关感染和骨整合不足仍然是临床承重应用的巨大挑战。利用生物材料的抗菌作用和免疫调节特性已经引起了人们的广泛关注。受骨再生的结构和功能线索的启发，提出了一种通用的方法，即在3D打印聚醚酮酮(PEKK)支架上构建羟基磷灰石(HAp)涂层，并将生物活性成分负载的软矿化胶原水凝胶结合到3D硬PEKK支架中。虽然PEKK支架表现出优异的机械性能，但体外和体内数据证实，胶原水凝胶负载的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(rBMSCs)衍生的外泌体促进了基于PEKK的支架(称为PEKK- hap - col /Exo支架)的有效骨免疫调节。此外，负载万古霉素的纳米颗粒与胶原水凝胶交联，使pekk支架(称为PEKK-HAp-Col/Van支架)具有增强的抗菌作用。总的来说，本研究不仅揭示了外泌体在种植体骨免疫调节中的重要性，而且提出了一种通用的材料-结构-功能集成策略，用于临床大规模骨缺损修复的软硬混合结构多功能支架。

Composites Science and Technology

Investigation of buckling instabilities in fiber-reinforced DEAs

Stefania Konstantinidi, Markus Koenigsdorff, Thomas Martinez, Amine Benouhiba, Johannes Mersch, Yoan Civet, Gerald Gerlach, Yves Perriard

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110849

纤维增强dea的屈曲不稳定性研究

Artificial muscles, designed to replicate the movements of natural biological muscles, hold significant promise in the fields of robotics and prosthetics. Recent advancements have led to the development of fiber-reinforced actuators, drawing inspiration from biological tissues. Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are a type of electroactive artificial muscle. It is possible to enhance the uni-axial deformation of DEAs by constraining and applying pre-stretch on the actuator membrane. This can be achieved through uni-directional fibers bonded to the DEA that lead to transversely isotropic properties. However, combining membrane pre-stretch and fiber reinforcement may lead to instabilities such as fiber buckling due to the compressive load of the pre-stretched membrane or due to wrinkling during actuation. Understanding these instabilities is crucial as they can significantly impact the performance. A novel model taking into consideration these instabilities is established and experimentally validated. By calculating the force in the fiber direction, the buckling profile such as the wavelength and amplitude can be predicted. The validation of the model presented along with an extensive experimental investigation allow for a comprehensive analysis to explore the impact of fiber buckling on the performance and the force of uni-axial DEAs.

人造肌肉是为了复制自然生物肌肉的运动而设计的，在机器人和假肢领域有着重要的前景。最近的进步导致了纤维增强致动器的发展，从生物组织中汲取灵感。介电弹性体致动器是一种电活性人造肌肉。在致动器薄膜上施加预拉伸和约束可以增强致动器的单轴变形。这可以通过与DEA结合的单向光纤实现，从而获得横向各向同性。然而，将膜预拉伸与纤维增强相结合可能会导致不稳定，如由于预拉伸膜的压缩载荷或由于驱动过程中的起皱而导致纤维屈曲。理解这些不稳定性至关重要，因为它们会显著影响性能。建立了考虑这些不稳定性的新模型，并进行了实验验证。通过计算光纤方向上的力，可以预测光纤的屈曲曲线，如波长和振幅。该模型的验证以及广泛的实验研究允许对纤维屈曲对单轴dea性能和力的影响进行全面分析。

来源：复合材料力学仿真Composites FEM

【新文速递】2024年9月14日复合材料SCI期刊最新文章

今日更新：Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 1 篇，Composites Part B: Engineering 2 篇，Composites Science and Technology 1 篇Composites Part A: Applied Science and ManufacturingHigh toughness, flexible and thermally conductive fluorine rubber composite films reinforced by hexagonal boron nitride flakes for thermal managementJing Chen, Yibing Lin, Wanbiao Hu, Yuanlie Yudoi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108466热管理用六方氮化硼片增强的高韧性、柔性和导热氟橡胶复合薄膜The rapid advancement of electronic information technology has generated a substantial demand for polymer-based thermal management materials. In order to address the challenges of heat dissipation and avoid signal interference, it is essential to develop polymer-based thermal management materials with both high thermal conductivity and low dielectric properties. Herein, hexagonal boron nitride flakes (h-BNFs) with a high aspect ratio and some hydroxyl groups were prepared using the high pressure homogenization technique. Subsequently, h-BNF/fluorine rubber (h-BNF/FKM) composite films were fabricated through a simple and scalable blade coating method. During the blade coating process, most of the h-BNFs can align with their (002) crystal planes paralleling to the horizontal direction. In addition, the rest of the h-BNFs will randomly distribute and overlap with each other, combining with the horizontally aligned h-BNFs to form a distinctive three-dimensional packing network. This unique network structure enables the h-BNF/FKM composite films to have thermal conductivities of up to 0.44 W/(m·K). Moreover, the introduction of h-BNFs can effectively reduce the dielectric constants and dielectric losses of FKM films. More importantly, the h-BNF/FKM composite films also exhibit outstanding mechanical toughness, excellent flexibility, good adhesion and improved flame-retardancy, providing promising applications in the electronic device thermal management.电子信息技术的快速发展对聚合物基热管理材料产生了巨大的需求。为了解决散热和避免信号干扰的挑战，必须开发具有高导热性和低介电性能的聚合物基热管理材料。本文采用高压均质技术制备了具有高长径比和羟基的六方氮化硼薄片(h-BNFs)。随后，通过简单、可扩展的叶片涂覆方法制备h-BNF/氟橡胶(h-BNF/FKM)复合薄膜。在叶片涂覆过程中，大多数h- bnf能与平行于水平方向的(002)晶面对齐。此外，其余的h- bnf将随机分布并相互重叠，与水平排列的h- bnf结合，形成独特的三维填充网络。这种独特的网络结构使h-BNF/FKM复合膜的导热系数高达0.44 W/(m·K)。此外，h- bnf的引入可以有效降低FKM薄膜的介电常数和介电损耗。更重要的是，h-BNF/FKM复合薄膜还具有出色的机械韧性、优异的柔韧性、良好的附着力和阻燃性，在电子器件热管理方面具有广阔的应用前景。Composites Part B: EngineeringEnhancing the fracture toughness of aerospace-grade carbon fibre/epoxy composites by interlaying surface-activated low-melt polyaryletherketone (LMPAEK) meshesDong Quan, Xuemin Wang, Jiaying Pan, Yannan Ma, Gennaro Scarselli, Guoqun Zhaodoi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111824采用表面活化低熔点聚芳醚酮(LMPAEK)网层对航空级碳纤维/环氧复合材料进行断裂韧性增强This study proposed an innovative method for enhancing the interlaminar fracture resistance of carbon fibre/epoxy composites by incorporating structured low-melt polyaryletherketone meshes (LMPAEK) meshes. LMPAEK films were machined into structured hollow meshes and then surface-treated using high-power UV-irradiation. These treatments significantly increased the contact area and interface adhesion between the LMPAEK inserts and the composite matrix, leading to substantial improvement in the interlaminar fracture performance of the composite. Fracture test results demonstrated that the mode-I and mode-II fracture propagation energies of the LMPAEK-inserted composite at 22 °C were 1.04 times and 13.92 times higher, respectively, than those of the reference composite. Similarly, at 130 °C, their mode-I and mode-II fracture propagation energies were 1.36 times and 8.56 times higher, respectively. The remarkable fracture performance of the LMPAEK-inserted composites were attributed to the substantial plastic deformation and damage of the LMPAEK resins, which possessed exceptional mechanical properties and thermal resistance.本研究提出了一种创新的方法来提高碳纤维/环氧复合材料的层间抗断裂能力，通过加入结构化的低熔点聚芳醚酮网(LMPAEK)网。将LMPAEK薄膜加工成结构中空网格，然后使用大功率紫外线照射进行表面处理。这些处理显著增加了LMPAEK嵌套与复合材料基体之间的接触面积和界面附着力，从而显著改善了复合材料的层间断裂性能。断裂试验结果表明，在22°C时，插入lmpaek的复合材料的i型和ii型断裂扩展能分别是参考复合材料的1.04倍和13.92倍。同样，在130℃时，它们的i型和ii型断裂扩展能分别高出1.36倍和8.56倍。插入LMPAEK的复合材料具有显著的断裂性能，这是由于LMPAEK树脂具有显著的塑性变形和损伤，具有优异的力学性能和耐热性。Geometric tunability of interlaminar resistancePing Hu, Marcelo A. Dias, Michal K. Budzikdoi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111839 层间阻力的几何可调性The inherent weakness and variability in the interlaminar properties of composites and associated delamination pose significant challenges, compromising the performance of composite structures. This study investigates a strategy to tailor the apparent interlaminar resistance by altering the geometry of the interface to control crack propagation. We have developed analytical models, which propose a formulation that links the geometry, i.e. the interface width change rate and shape factor of the crack growth plane, with the reaction force–displacement curve. The results obtained, a family of power law relations followed during interlaminar crack growth, indicate that the analytical formulation is valid for all geometries tested, including those with significant width change rates; however, it may not always be easy to use or interpret. An approximated solution, constrained to slowly varying geometries, is also proposed. The limits of using this model are presented and discussed. The final validation of the models is performed using numerical and experimental approaches, considering the delamination of carbon fibre laminates. This work offers new insights into the design of composites and the fracture process in general, featuring unique shapes and improved crack resistance. It also addresses practical issues, e.g., related to composite repairs, which can enhance the performance and longevity of composite structures. Specifically, the proposed formulations can be easily adopted to obtain optimized patch geometries.复合材料层间性能的固有弱点和可变性以及相关的分层构成了重大挑战，损害了复合材料结构的性能。本研究探讨了一种通过改变界面的几何形状来调整层间表观阻力以控制裂纹扩展的策略。我们建立了解析模型，提出了一种将裂纹扩展面的界面宽度变化率和形状因子与反力-位移曲线联系起来的公式。得到的结果表明，在层间裂纹扩展过程中遵循幂律关系，该分析公式适用于所有测试的几何形状，包括具有显著宽度变化率的几何形状;然而，它可能并不总是容易使用或解释。本文还提出了一种约束于缓慢变化几何的近似解。提出并讨论了使用该模型的局限性。考虑到碳纤维层合板的分层，采用数值和实验方法对模型进行了最终验证。这项工作为复合材料的设计和断裂过程提供了新的见解，具有独特的形状和提高的抗裂性。它还解决了实际问题，例如，与复合材料修复有关的问题，这可以提高复合材料结构的性能和寿命。具体而言，所提出的配方可以很容易地用于获得优化的斑块几何形状。Composites Science and TechnologyShape memory cyclic behavior and mechanical durability of woven fabric reinforced shape memory polymer compositesGuangqing Ming, Fengfeng Li, Mingming Xu, Chengjun Zeng, Wei Zhao, Liwu Liu, Yanju Liu, Jinsong Lengdoi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110866 机织增强形状记忆聚合物复合材料的形状记忆循环性能和机械耐久性The shape memory cyclic behavior and mechanical durability of the shape memory polymer (SMP) and three woven fabrics (plain, twill, and satin weaves) reinforced shape memory polymer composite (WFR-SMPCs) are characterized to investigate the effect of woven textures on the mechanical and shape memory properties of WFR-SMPCs. Shape memory cycle test, shape memory durability test, and microscopic observation for SMP and WFR-SMPCs were carried out. Experimental results show that the SMP is temperature-sensitive, and higher temperature facilitates the shape memory performance of the material. The woven fabric reinforcements can significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the SMP matrix while still maintaining good shape recovery ratios above 98% and shape fixation ratios above 90% even though there is a slight decrease in these values. The twill WFR-SMPC displays the best mechanical performance. The satin WFR-SMPC has the highest shape recovery ratio. The twill WFR-SMPC performs the best in load-bearing capacity and recovery stress. The microscopic observations show that the rotational misalignment and bending of the fiber tows, and damage to the matrix are the main failure modes of the WFR-SMPCs at high shear strain.研究了形状记忆聚合物(SMP)和三种机织物(平纹、斜纹和缎纹)增强形状记忆聚合物复合材料(wfr - smpc)的形状记忆循环行为和机械耐久性，探讨了机织物对wfr - smpc力学和形状记忆性能的影响。对SMP和wfr - smpc进行了形状记忆循环试验、形状记忆耐久性试验和显微观察。实验结果表明，SMP具有温度敏感性，较高的温度有利于材料的形状记忆性能。机织增强剂可以显著提高SMP基体的力学性能，同时保持良好的98%以上的形状恢复率和90%以上的形状固定率，尽管这些数值略有下降。斜纹WFR-SMPC的力学性能最好。缎面WFR-SMPC具有最高的形状恢复率。斜纹WFR-SMPC在承载能力和恢复应力方面表现最好。微观观察表明，高剪切应变下wfr - smpc的主要破坏模式是纤维的旋转错位和弯曲，以及基体的损伤。来源：复合材料力学仿真Composites FEM