【新文速递】2024年9月25日复合材料SCI期刊最新文章

   

今日更新：Composite Structures 5 篇，Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2 篇，Composites Science and Technology 4 篇

Composite Structures

Periodic free vibrations of composite laminates with curvilinear fibres and CNTs

Hamed Akhavan, Pedro Camacho, Pedro Ribeiro

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118598

曲线纤维和碳纳米管复合材料层合板的周期性自由振动

This article addresses the combined effect of using curvilinear fibres and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforcements in the non-linear modes of vibration of laminated composite plates. To arrive at the material properties of the three-phase composite material, a two-step hierarchic procedure is followed. A modified version of the Halpin–Tsai model is employed to predict the Young’s modulus of the CNT enriched resin and expressions, deduced from equilibria of a unit cell where a fibre is embedded in resin, are applied to obtain the diverse elasticity moduli of the three-phase composite. Moderately large displacements are considered, with von Kármán strain–displacement relations. Although the presented model is an equivalent single layer one, it applies to thick plates, because a Third-order Shear Deformation Theory (TSDT) is followed. The set of autonomous non-linear equations of motion is reduced using static condensation and a modal basis with selected modes, chosen after a convergence analysis. The reduced set of equations of motion is solved by the shooting method. Numerical tests considering plates with diverse curvilinear fibre paths, CNT contents and thicknesses are carried out. The results obtained are thoroughly analysed.

本文讨论了使用曲线纤维和碳纳米管(CNTs)增强材料在层合复合材料板非线性振动模式中的联合效应。为了得到三相复合材料的材料性能，遵循了两步的分层过程。采用改进版的Halpin-Tsai模型来预测碳纳米管富集树脂的杨氏模量，并从纤维嵌入树脂的单元胞的平衡中推导出表达式，以获得三相复合材料的不同弹性模量。考虑中等大小的位移，具有von Kármán应变-位移关系。虽然所提出的模型是等效的单层模型，但它适用于厚板，因为它遵循三阶剪切变形理论(TSDT)。利用静态凝聚和模态基对自主非线性运动方程集进行简化，模态基在收敛分析后选定。用射击法求解了运动方程的简化集。考虑不同曲线纤维路径、碳纳米管含量和厚度的平板进行了数值试验。对所得结果进行了全面分析。

Multi-objective optimization for a composite pressure vessel with unequal polar openings

Lyudmyla Rozova, Bilal Meemary, Salim Chaki, Mylene Deléglise-Lagardère, Dmytro Vasiukov

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118594

非等极开口复合材料压力容器的多目标优化

Multi-objective parametric optimization problem is presented for overwrapped composite pressure vessels under internal pressure for storage and heating water. It is solved using the developed iterative optimization algorithm. Optimal values of design parameters for the vessel are obtained by varying the set of parameters for composite layers, such as the thickness of layers and radii of polar openings, which influence the distribution of fiber angles along the vessel. The suggested optimization methodology is based on the mechanical solution for composite vessels and the satisfaction of the main failure criteria. An innovative approach lies in the possibility of using the developed optimization methodology for designing vessels with non-symmetrical filament winding, which have unequal polar openings on the domes. This became possible due to the development of a special numerical mechanical finite element model of a composite vessel. A specific Python program provides the creation of a model and controls the exchange of data between the modules of the iterative optimization process. The numerical model includes the determination of the distribution of fiber angles on the domes and cylindrical part of the vessel as well as changes in layer thicknesses. The optimization problem solution is provided using a Multi-Island Genetic Algorithm, this type of method showed its efficiency for such applications, by allowing to avoid local solutions. Thus, optimal parameters of a composite vessel were found by minimizing composite mass and thickness and maximizing the strain energy. Test solutions using the developed methodology are presented for three types of composite materials to evaluate their possibility for integration into the vessel design model.

研究了储水和供热用内压复包复合材料压力容器的多目标参数优化问题。采用所提出的迭代优化算法求解。通过改变复合材料层的参数集，如层的厚度和极性开口的半径，可以获得容器的最佳设计参数值，这些参数会影响沿容器的纤维角分布。建议的优化方法是基于复合容器的力学解和主要失效准则的满足。一种创新的方法在于使用开发的优化方法来设计具有非对称灯丝缠绕的容器，这种容器在圆顶上具有不相等的极性开口。由于复合容器的特殊数值力学有限元模型的发展，这成为可能。一个特定的Python程序提供了模型的创建，并控制迭代优化过程的模块之间的数据交换。该数值模型包括确定在容器的圆顶和圆柱形部分的纤维角分布以及层厚的变化。采用多岛遗传算法对优化问题进行求解，该方法可以避免局部解，显示了其在此类应用中的有效性。从而求得复合材料容器的最优参数，即复合材料质量和厚度最小，应变能最大。采用开发的方法对三种类型的复合材料提出了测试解决方案，以评估它们集成到容器设计模型中的可能性。

High-performance composite electrode based on polyaniline/graphene oxide carbon network for vanadium redox flow batteries

Amanpreet Kaur, Gurpreet Singh, Jun Woo Lim

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118606

基于聚苯胺/氧化石墨烯碳网络的钒液流电池高性能复合电极

In this study, an electrode wrapped in a carbon network is fabricated using a straightforward hydrothermal technique. Conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANi) have been used to form carbon networks on the surfaces of carbon fibers. However, the cycling instability of PANi, which is a consequence of structural modifications, is a significant obstacle to its commercial application. This study presents an innovative and effective approach for synthesizing carbon networks using PANi/reduced graphene oxide (PANi-rGO-CF) composites to enhance the performance of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) electrodes. PANi-rGO was deposited on carbon felt using a hydrothermal method, followed by calcination under an argon atmosphere. The presence of graphene oxide facilitated the uniform distribution of PANi and enhanced its stability. PANi-rGO-CF demonstrated superior electrocatalysis toward vanadium redox couples owing to the abundant heteroatom active sites, affording VRFBs with extraordinary stability and outstanding energy efficiency after 100 cycles at 100 mA/cm2.

在这项研究中，使用简单的水热技术制作了一个包裹在碳网络中的电极。导电聚合物如聚苯胺(PANi)已被用于在碳纤维表面形成碳网络。然而，聚苯胺的循环不稳定性是结构修饰的结果，是其商业应用的一个重大障碍。本研究提出了一种创新而有效的方法，利用聚苯胺/还原氧化石墨烯(PANi- rgo - cf)复合材料合成碳网络，以提高钒氧化还原液流电池(VRFB)电极的性能。采用水热法在碳毡上沉积聚苯胺-还原氧化石墨烯，然后在氩气气氛下煅烧。氧化石墨烯的存在促进了聚苯胺的均匀分布，增强了其稳定性。由于丰富的杂原子活性位点，PANi-rGO-CF对钒氧化还原偶具有优异的电催化作用，使vrfb在100 mA/cm2下循环100次后具有非凡的稳定性和卓越的能源效率。

Feasibility study on additive-manufactured honeycomb sandwich structural solutions for a Fast Patrol vessel

Simone Scattareggia Marchese, Gabriella Epasto, Vincenzo Crupi, Yordan Garbatov

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118607

快速巡逻艇增材制造蜂窝夹层结构方案的可行性研究

This work represents a significant step toward integrating additive-manufactured honeycomb sandwiches into ship hull structures. The sandwich structure consists of two continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastic faces and a regular honeycomb core made of chopped fibre-reinforced thermoplastic. The primary goal is to create optimal manufacturing and design methods to determine to which extent the sandwich solution that has been analysed may be used as a structural component of a fast patrol vessel. The core of the design procedure is a purposely developed evolutionary multiobjective optimisation routine suited to evaluate the flexural response of the structure under investigation. The analytical formulations utilised to predict the structural response of an additive-manufactured honeycomb sandwich subjected to 3-point bending have been derived using a combined analytical and experimental approach. A fast patrol vessel made of steel has been taken as a reference to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed solution. A steel primary stiffener and its associated plate have been extracted from the midship section and replaced by an additively manufactured honeycomb sandwich. By maintaining the same structural encumbrances, it has been found that a pseudo-optimal combination of the mechanical properties of the sandwich base materials can accomplish an exceptional weight reduction of three times.

这项工作代表了将增材制造的蜂窝三明治集成到船体结构中的重要一步。夹层结构由两个连续的纤维增强热塑性表面和一个由短切纤维增强热塑性塑料制成的规则蜂窝芯组成。主要目标是创建最佳的制造和设计方法，以确定已分析的夹层解决方案在多大程度上可以用作快速巡逻艇的结构部件。设计过程的核心是一个有目的地开发的进化多目标优化程序，适合于评估所研究结构的弯曲响应。利用分析和实验相结合的方法推导了用于预测增材制造的蜂窝夹层在三点弯曲下的结构响应的分析公式。以一艘钢制快速巡逻艇为例，验证了该方案的可行性。从船中部取出钢一级加强筋及其相关板，并用增材制造的蜂窝夹层代替。通过保持相同的结构障碍，已经发现三明治基材料的机械性能的伪最佳组合可以实现一个特殊的重量减轻三倍。

Mechanical properties and failure analysis of ring-stiffened composite hulls under hydrostatic pressure

Kaifeng Yuan, Zhenmeng Xia, Lianbo Wang, Linzhi Wu

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118609

 

静水压力下环加筋复合材料船体力学性能及失效分析

Ring stiffeners improve the buckling resistance of thin-walled hulls. In this study, theoretical models of buckling and strength failure of ring-stiffened composite hulls (RSCHs) were used to determine the design parameters. The hulls were prepared by filament winding on a mould composed of multi-petal-combined foams and steel shafts. The experimental results showed that the hydrostatic bearing performance of RSCHs was 1.79 times that of an unstiffened composite hull (USCH) with the same weight-to-displacement ratio (WDR). The crack in the damaged stiffened hulls penetrated the entire axis and expanded circumferentially, resulting in a stiffener fracture. Imperfections related to thickness deviations were introduced into a nonlinear buckling model by considering progressive damage. In contrast to the failure mechanism of USCH, the failure pressure of RSCHs was not at the peak of nonlinear buckling, and fibre compressive failure at 90° on the outermost layer of the skin was dominant. The error between simulated and experimental results was 4.64%. The parameter analysis indicated that the stiffener height and width had different effects on the buckling load. However, when only the same type of strength failure occurred, both were independent of the load. This study demonstrated the load-bearing advantages of RSCHs for ocean engineering applications.

环形加强筋提高了薄壁船体的抗屈曲能力。本研究采用环加筋复合材料船体屈曲和强度破坏理论模型确定设计参数。船体是在由多瓣复合泡沫和钢轴组成的模具上通过长丝缠绕制备的。试验结果表明，在相同重量排水量比(WDR)下，RSCHs的静水承载性能是未加筋复合船体(USCH)的1.79倍。受损加劲船体的裂纹穿透整个船体轴线并向周向扩展，导致加劲船体断裂。在考虑渐进损伤的非线性屈曲模型中引入了与厚度偏差有关的缺陷。与USCH的破坏机制相反，RSCHs的破坏压力不在非线性屈曲的峰值处，以表皮最外层90°处的纤维压缩破坏为主。仿真结果与实验结果的误差为4.64%。参数分析表明，加劲筋的高度和宽度对屈曲载荷有不同的影响。然而，当只发生相同类型的强度破坏时，两者都与荷载无关。该研究证明了RSCHs在海洋工程应用中的承载优势。

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Interlaminar properties of carbon fibre/epoxy laminates produced through a semi-curing process

Michael O’Leary, Robin Hartley, Arjun Radhakrishnan, Mark Mavrogordato, Turlough McMahon, James Kratz

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108488

 

半固化碳纤维/环氧复合材料层间性能研究

The performance of semi-cured laminate interfaces with degrees of cure ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 was explored in Mode I and II, and compared to a baseline laminate produced through a single infusion and cure. The results showed that if the initially semi-cured element is kept to a degree of cure below the gel point prior to integration with the rest of the structure, average Mode I properties are retained to within 10 % of the baseline. At degrees of semi-cure above the gel point, a 33 % reduction in Mode I was measured, however, plasma pre-treatment mitigated this reduction to only 11 %. In Mode II, interlaminar properties are fully retained. Over the wide range of semi-cure studied, both resin flow and chemical cross-linking were observed, with the latter being more important to retain interfacial properties. The semi-curing process is considered a viable manufacturing method to produce composite laminates by resin infusion.

在模式I和模式II中，研究了固化度在0.3至0.9之间的半固化层压板界面的性能，并与通过单次注入和固化产生的基准层压板进行了比较。结果表明，如果在与结构的其余部分结合之前，将初始半固化元件保持在低于凝胶点的一定程度的固化，则平均I型性能保留在基线的10%以内。在凝胶点以上的半固化程度，测量到模式I减少33%，然而，血浆预处理将这种减少减轻到仅11%。在模式II中，层间性质完全保留。在广泛的半固化研究范围内，观察到树脂流动和化学交联，后者对保持界面性能更重要。半固化工艺被认为是一种可行的树脂注入复合层压板的制造方法。

The use of digital thread for reconstruction of local fiber orientation in a compression molded pin bracket via deep learning

Richard A. Larson, Mohammad Nazmus Saquib, Jiang Li, Anthony J. Favaloro, Drew E. Sommer, Benjamin R. Denos, R. Byron Pipes, Sergii G. Kravchenko, Oleksandr G. Kravchenko

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108491

通过深度学习，利用数字线重建压模销支架中的局部纤维方向

A deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) was used for microstructure reconstruction using artificial intelligence (MR-AI) by predicting local average fiber orientation distributions (FOD) in a 3D prepreg platelet molded composite (PPMC) pin bracket. To train the MR-AI model, surface strain fields from residual stresses simulated in PPMC plates were used as the input to the DCNN. A training dataset included PPMC plates with various degrees of global fiber alignment, based on the information obtained from high-fidelity flow simulation of a pin bracket. The MR-AI model was then deployed to analyze FOD in the 3D pin bracket by conducting thermo-elastic residual stress analysis. Initially, the MR-AI model was established entirely on the synthetic simulation data. Then, a μCT scan of a physically molded pin bracket was used to create a finite element model that provided data for additional validation of the DCNN model. For the μCT scan finite element pin bracket the MR-AI model predicted the distribution of fiber orientation tensor components with MAE of 0.10 indicating a global prediction error of 10 %. For the flow simulated pin bracket, the MR-AI model predicted the distribution of fiber orientation tensor components with a global prediction error of 11 %. The MR-AI model showed the ability to predict regions of varying alignment in the base and flange of the pin bracket. The proposed MR-AI methodology allows for rapid prediction of FOD in geometrically complex parts and offers a promising path to detecting unique fiber orientation states in molded components.

利用深度卷积神经网络(DCNN)预测三维预浸血小板成型复合材料(PPMC)销支架的局部平均纤维取向分布(FOD)，利用人工智能(mri - ai)进行微观结构重建。为了训练MR-AI模型，将模拟PPMC板中残余应力的表面应变场作为DCNN的输入。训练数据集包括具有不同程度全局光纤对准的PPMC板，基于从pin托架的高保真流动模拟中获得的信息。然后利用MR-AI模型进行热弹性残余应力分析，分析3D销支架中的FOD。最初，MR-AI模型完全建立在综合仿真数据的基础上。然后，对物理模制的销支架进行μCT扫描，建立有限元模型，为DCNN模型的进一步验证提供数据。对于μCT扫描有限元销支架，MR-AI模型预测纤维取向张量分量分布的MAE为0.10，整体预测误差为10 %。对于流动模拟销支架，MR-AI模型预测了纤维取向张量分量的分布，整体预测误差为11. %。MR-AI模型显示了预测销支架底座和法兰中不同对准区域的能力。提出的MR-AI方法可以快速预测几何复杂零件的FOD，并为检测成型部件中独特的纤维取向状态提供了有前途的途径。

Composites Science and Technology

A Super-Stretchable Conductive Film with Strain-Insensitive Conductivity for Stretchable EMI Shielding Materials and Wearable Capacitive Strain Sensors

Yinfeng Liu, Tong Wang, Jing Wang, Xin Chen, Jianwen Chen, Zunfeng Liu, Yutian Zhu

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110877

 

用于可拉伸电磁干扰屏蔽材料和可穿戴电容式应变传感器的具有应变不敏感导电性的超可拉伸导电膜

Strain-insensitive conductive films as stretchable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials and stretchable electrodes are highly desired in wearable electronics. However, fabricating super strain-insensitive conductive films under a tensile strain higher than 400% is still a great challenge. Herein, a super-stretchable conductive film based on the crumple-structured Ti3C2Tx nanosheets-single walled carbon nanotubes/stretchable substrate double-layers is designed for the stretchable EMI shielding materials and electrodes. The resulting film exhibits a strain-insensitive electrical conductivity as high as 3.01 × 103 S/m even at a strain up to 500%, which endows the film with a high and stable electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency (EMI SE) value of ∼ 45 dB. More interestingly, the EMI SE value of the film remains nearly constant even after 2000 cycles of 500% tensile strain, indicating the excellent long-term service stability as a stretchable EMI shielding material. Moreover, a capacitive strain sensor with extra-wide sensing range, ultra-high stability, and excellent durability is successfully achieved by employing the as-prepared films as stretchable electrodes. This work proposes a convenient strategy of strain-insensitive conductive film aiming to design stretchable EMI shielding materials and electrodes for wearable electronics.

应变不敏感导电薄膜作为可拉伸电磁干扰(EMI)屏蔽材料和可拉伸电极在可穿戴电子产品中非常受欢迎。然而，在大于400%的拉伸应变下制备超应变不敏感导电薄膜仍然是一个巨大的挑战。本文设计了一种基于皱褶结构Ti3C2Tx纳米片-单壁碳纳米管/可拉伸衬底双层结构的超可拉伸导电薄膜，用于可拉伸电磁干扰屏蔽材料和电极。所得薄膜即使在高达500%的应变下也具有高达3.01 × 103 S/m的应变不敏感电导率，这使薄膜具有高而稳定的电磁干扰屏蔽效率(EMI SE)值，为~ 45 dB。更有趣的是，即使在500%拉伸应变的2000次循环后，薄膜的EMI SE值也几乎保持不变，表明作为可拉伸的EMI屏蔽材料具有出色的长期使用稳定性。此外，利用制备的薄膜作为可拉伸电极，成功实现了具有超宽传感范围、超高稳定性和优异耐用性的电容式应变传感器。本文提出了一种应变不敏感导电膜的方便策略，旨在设计可拉伸的电磁干扰屏蔽材料和可穿戴电子设备电极。

Curing and reinforcement effect of recovered carbon black from waste tires on brominated butyl rubber

Guojie Zhang, Junjie Peng, Hanbing Wang, Yi Lu, Yong Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110879

 

废轮胎再生炭黑对溴化丁基橡胶的固化及补强效果

The recycling of zinc compound from waste tires and the negative impact of zinc oxide on environment have been major challenges in rubber industry. In this study, the components and microstructure of recovered carbon black (rCB) from waste tires pyrolysis are analyzed, in which the content of the ash and zinc element is 20% and 6.1%, and zinc sulfide is the main zinc compound. Zinc sulfide and zinc oxide could crosslink brominated butyl rubber (BIIR), and the crosslinking effect becomes more effective in the presence of carbon black N660. BIIR can be crosslinked and reinforced by rCB in the absence of other additives. BIIR/rCB composites have similar curing behavior and mechanical properties to the BIIR composites filled with N660 and cured by zine oxide. Therefore, rCB could replace commercial carbon black N660 and zinc oxide in BIIR, and this replacement will realize the effective use of carbon black and zinc compound in rCB from waste tires and promote the sustainable development of tire industry.

废旧轮胎锌化合物的回收利用和氧化锌对环境的负面影响一直是橡胶工业面临的主要挑战。本研究对废轮胎热解回收炭黑(rCB)的组分和微观结构进行了分析，其中灰分和锌元素的含量分别为20%和6.1%，硫化锌是主要的锌化合物。硫化锌和氧化锌均能交联溴化丁基橡胶(BIIR)，且在炭黑N660的存在下，交联效果更明显。在没有其他添加剂的情况下，可以用rCB交联和增强BIIR。BIIR/rCB复合材料的固化性能和力学性能与填充N660的BIIR复合材料的氧化锌固化性能相似。因此，rCB可以替代BIIR中的商用炭黑N660和氧化锌，这种替代将实现废轮胎rCB中炭黑和锌化合物的有效利用，促进轮胎工业的可持续发展。

Fumed Silica Additives Enables Tunable Wettability of the Resin for Improved Composite Bipolar Plate

Jing Chen, Nan Qin, Runlin Fan, Liming Jin, Junsheng Zheng, Pingwen Ming, Cunman Zhang, Jim P. Zheng

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110882

 

气相二氧化硅添加剂使树脂的润湿性可调，用于改进的复合双极板

Composite bipolar plates (CBP) composed of resin and conductive filler are critical components in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for achieving mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. The conductive filler entirely enveloped by resin is of significance for the flexibility of the CBP; while connected resin blocks the continued conductive channels and thus weakens the electrical properties of CBP. Herein, we propose a trade-off method between flexibility and conductivity of the CBP by wettability regulations of the resin, in which fumed silica additives are introduced into epoxy as composite adhesives. The abundant hydrogen bonds are demonstrated to be well-formed between epoxy and fumed silica for decreasing surface free energy (SFE) between resin and graphite. As a result, the composite adhesive with 2% fumed silica delivers moderate wettability enabling much improved CBP, which exhibits high electrical conductivity of 233.33 S cm-1 as well as flexural strength of 66.4 MPa. Moreover, the CBP also delivers improved areal specific resistance (5.34 mΩ cm2), thermal conductivity (10.58 W (m K)-1), and corrosion behaviors (0.0701 A cm-2) which guarantee the operation of the PEMFC. This work provides new insight from the wettability regulation of resins for improved CBP, which is an easy-operating method and has great potential for application in practical CBP fabrication.

由树脂和导电填料组成的复合双极板(CBP)是质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)中实现机械强度和导电性的关键部件。完全被树脂包裹的导电填料对CBP的柔韧性有重要意义;而连接的树脂阻塞了持续的导电通道，从而削弱了CBP的电性能。在此，我们提出了一种通过树脂的润湿性调节来平衡CBP的柔韧性和导电性的方法，其中将气相二氧化硅添加剂作为复合粘合剂引入环氧树脂中。环氧树脂和气相二氧化硅之间形成了丰富的氢键，降低了树脂和石墨之间的表面自由能(SFE)。结果表明，含2%气相二氧化硅的复合胶粘剂具有中等润湿性，大大提高了CBP，其导电率达到233.33 S cm-1，抗折强度达到66.4 MPa。此外，CBP还提供了更好的面比电阻(5.34 mΩ cm2)、导热系数(10.58 W (m K)-1)和腐蚀性能(0.0701 A cm-2)，从而保证了PEMFC的运行。本研究从树脂润湿性调控方面为改进CBP提供了新的思路，该方法操作简便，在实际CBP制造中具有很大的应用潜力。

Temperature-Dependent Evolution of Synthetic Coal-Derived Graphite Fillers and Their Reinforcement in Styrene Butadiene Rubber Composites

Hao Zhang, Xiaoyu Ding, Yongjie Yang, Qinfu Liu, Leibo Ji, Kuo Li, Junmin Sun, Zhiming Sun, Qianyi Ma, Ying Wu, Xinyang Liu, Chul B. Park, Naisheng Jiang

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110883

 

合成煤基石墨填料及其增强丁苯橡胶复合材料的温度演化

This study investigated the structural evolution of synthetic coal-derived graphite (SCG), produced from anthracite through high-temperature treatments ranging from 1000 to 2900 °C, and its reinforcement potential in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites. Upon heating the anthracite to 2000 °C, We observed a gradual structural transformation from an amorphous carbon structure with mixed sp2-sp3 bonding to an ordered sp2-bonded nano-sized graphitic structure. This transformation was accompanied by the evaporation of heteroatom functional groups, an increase in high surface energy site as well as micropore and void structures, and enhanced hydrophobic surface property. Beyond 2000 °C, a flake-like graphite with a larger particle size (average lateral size > 10 μm) was gradually formed through lateral and vertical crystalline growth mechanisms. The reinforcing potential of SCG fillers was revealed by incorporating them into SBR and evaluating the properties of the resulting composites. It was found that the tensile strength and 300% tensile modulus initially enhanced with SCG fillers treated up to 2000 °C, but decreased for fillers treated at 2300 and 2900 °C. On the other hand, storage modulus, tear resistance, and gas permeability consistently improved with fillers treated at higher temperatures. These findings highlight the relationship between the temperature-induced structural evolution of SCG fillers and their reinforcement performance in SBR composites, offering valuable insights for industrial rubber applications, particularly enhancing the performance and sustainability of automotive tire formulations.

本研究调查了无烟煤经 1000 至 2900 °C 高温处理后产生的合成煤石墨（SCG）的结构演变及其在丁苯橡胶（SBR）复合材料中的增强潜力。将无烟煤加热到 2000 °C后，我们观察到其结构从混合 sp2-sp3 键的无定形碳结构逐渐转变为有序 sp2 键的纳米级石墨结构。这种转变伴随着杂原子官能团的蒸发、高表面能位点以及微孔和空隙结构的增加和疏水表面特性的增强。超过 2000 °C 后，通过横向和纵向结晶生长机制，逐渐形成了粒径更大（平均横向尺寸大于 10 μm）的片状石墨。通过在丁苯橡胶中加入 SCG 填料并对所得复合材料的性能进行评估，揭示了 SCG 填料的增强潜力。研究发现，SCG 填料在 2000 ℃ 以下处理时，拉伸强度和 300% 拉伸模量最初有所提高，但在 2300 ℃ 和 2900 ℃ 处理时，拉伸强度和 300% 拉伸模量有所降低。另一方面，在较高温度下处理的填料的储存模量、抗撕裂性和气体渗透性持续提高。这些发现强调了温度诱导的 SCG 填料结构演变与其在 SBR 复合材料中的补强性能之间的关系，为工业橡胶应用，尤其是提高汽车轮胎配方的性能和可持续性提供了有价值的见解。