今日更新:International Journal of Solids and Structures 1 篇,Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 2 篇,Mechanics of Materials 1 篇,International Journal of Plasticity 1 篇,Thin-Walled Structures 4 篇
A multi-scale constitutive model for AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated via laser powder bed fusion
Mingqi Lei, Ramesh Aditya, Lu Liu, Mao See Wu, Jundong Wang, Kun Zhou, Yao Yao
doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2024.113111
激光粉末床熔合制备AlSi10Mg合金的多尺度本构模型
Additively Manufactured (AM) aluminum alloys find extensive applications in various fields due to their favorable properties. Numerical simulations play a crucial role in reducing experimental costs and enhancing reliability. Developing a reliable constitutive numerical model requires careful consideration of the hierarchical microstructure inherent in AM aluminum alloys. In response, a multiscale constitutive model has been formulated for the AlSi10Mg alloy, fabricated through laser powder bed fusion. This model incorporates crystal plasticity theory and micromechanics-based homogenization methods to establish representative volume elements at different length scales. These scales include the grain scale, polycrystalline scale, and macro scale, thus facilitating a seamless transition between them. The model is calibrated using macroscopic and average phase stress–strain relationships, demonstrating its capability to predict lattice strain in each phase. Additionally, this model incorporates a quantitative analysis of the effects of two-phase structure, melt pool structure, and porosity by adjusting microstructure parameters. The developed model is embedded into a user-defined material subroutine, providing an efficient approach to investigate microstructure-property relationships in AM alloys.
增材制造(AM)铝合金由于其良好的性能在各个领域得到了广泛的应用。数值模拟在降低实验成本和提高可靠性方面起着至关重要的作用。建立可靠的本构数值模型需要仔细考虑AM铝合金固有的分层微观结构。为此,建立了激光粉末床熔合制备AlSi10Mg合金的多尺度本构模型。该模型结合晶体塑性理论和基于细观力学的均一化方法,建立了不同长度尺度下具有代表性的体积元。这些尺度包括晶粒尺度、多晶尺度和宏观尺度,从而促进了它们之间的无缝过渡。该模型使用宏观和平均相应力-应变关系进行校准,证明了其预测每个相晶格应变的能力。此外,该模型通过调整微观结构参数,对两相结构、熔池结构和孔隙率的影响进行了定量分析。开发的模型嵌入到用户定义的材料子程序中,为研究AM合金的微观结构-性能关系提供了一种有效的方法。
Homogenization of Two-dimensional Materials Integrating Monolayer Bending and Surface Layer Effects
Huichao Liu, Yan Chen, Wen Wang, Luqi Liu, Yilun Liu, Quanshui Zheng
doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2024.105911
考虑单层弯曲和表层效应的二维材料均匀化
Two-dimensional (2D) materials hold great promise for future electronic, optical, thermal devices and beyond, underpinning which the predictability, stability and reliability of their mechanical behaviors are the fundamental prerequisites. Despite this, due to the layered crystal lattice structure, extremely high anisotropy and the independent deformation mechanism of out-of-plane bending, the proper homogenization for such materials still faces challenge. That is because the monolayer bending is of independent deformation mechanism distinct from the traditional bulk deformation which thereby brings couple stress to the bulk 2D materials, while the different interlayer constraints of bulk and surface layers bring surface layer effect. In this paper, by considering the two effects, a continuum mechanics framework for extremely anisotropic 2D materials (CM2D) is proposed, without necessities of ad hoc experiments for the unclassical parameters. Under the framework of the CM2D, beam-like deformation, plate-like deformation and indentation of 2D materials are studied to showcase its ability and applicability. An analytical expression of the effective bending rigidity is derived, which can be characterized by several dimensionless parameters. It is found that the overall bending deformations of 2D materials are controlled by the competition between the intralayer deformation mode and the interlayer shear deformation mode. Besides, the size-dependent modulus is also identified on the indentation of 2D materials at the pure elastic deformation region, distinct from the size effect caused by plasticity. In addition, we discussed the effects of monolayer bending and surface layer on the mechanical behaviors of 2D materials. Our work not only provides guidance for the studies and applications of 2D materials, but also serves as a good example with well-defined physical meanings for the strain gradient, high-order moduli and couple stress in high-order continuum mechanics theories.
二维(2D)材料在未来的电子、光学、热设备等领域具有很大的前景,其机械行为的可预测性、稳定性和可靠性是其基础先决条件。尽管如此,由于层状晶格结构、极高的各向异性和独立的面外弯曲变形机制,这种材料的均匀化仍然面临挑战。这是因为,与传统的体变形不同,单层弯曲具有独立的变形机制,从而给二维体材料带来了耦合应力,而体层与表层之间不同的层间约束又带来了表层效应。本文考虑了这两种效应,在不需要对非经典参数进行特别实验的情况下,提出了极各向异性二维材料的连续介质力学框架。在CM2D的框架下,对二维材料的类梁变形、类板变形和压痕进行了研究,以展示其能力和适用性。导出了有效抗弯刚度的解析表达式,该表达式可以用几个无量纲参数来表征。研究发现,二维材料的整体弯曲变形受层内变形模式和层间剪切变形模式的竞争控制。此外,二维材料在纯弹性变形区域的压痕也存在尺寸依赖模量,区别于塑性引起的尺寸效应。此外,我们还讨论了单层弯曲和表面层对二维材料力学行为的影响。本文的工作不仅为二维材料的研究和应用提供了指导,而且为高阶连续介质力学理论中的应变梯度、高阶模量和耦合应力提供了一个具有明确物理意义的很好的例子。
Strain energy density maximization principle for material design and the reflection in trans-scale continuum theory
Yanfei Wang, Yueguang Wei
doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2024.105912
材料设计中的应变能密度最大化原则及其在跨尺度连续介质理论中的反映
Traditional efforts in the design of damage-tolerant structural materials were largely exercises in optimizing the combination of strength and ductility. However, the simultaneous consideration of these two conflicting mechanical indices, improving one inevitably sacrifices the other, makes the design extremely complex and difficult, due to the dilemma of choosing between them. Here, physically guided by the energy variational expression in trans-scale continuum mechanics theory, we propose a general mechanics principle for material design that involving only one index: towards strong and tough material the strain energy density limit (w) should be maximized, i.e., strain energy density maximization principle, referred to as wmax principle. It aims to guide the attainment of exceptional comprehensive mechanical properties, while circumventing the dual-index dilemma by employing a singular index w. Extensive experimental data analyses prove that (i) the maximum wmax always exists, at a critical dimension of characteristic microstructure dc,micro, and (ii) w can effectively index strength-ductility synergy and the wmax is conjugated with both high strength and high ductility, verifying the validity of wmax principle. The universality, practicality and downward compatibility are also examined. The dc,micro approaches twice the span of strain gradient region around internal boundary, suggesting that the microstructure state with wmax is the critical state with strongest strain gradient. Importantly, the w improvement as a function of the characteristic size of either microstructure or deformation field can be well captured by strain gradient theory, confirming the consistence between the wmax principle, experimental results and trans-scale continuum theories. This principle opens up a new design concept for advanced structural materials from the perspective of microstructure-w-mechanical properties relationship.
传统上,设计耐损结构材料的工作主要是优化强度和延展性的结合。然而,由于同时考虑这两个相互矛盾的机械指标,改善一个指标必然牺牲另一个指标,因此,由于必须在两者之间做出选择,设计变得异常复杂和困难。在此,我们以跨尺度连续介质力学理论中的能量变分表达式为物理指导,提出了一种仅涉及一个指标的材料设计通用力学原理:对于高强度高韧性材料,应最大化应变能密度(w),即应变能密度最大化原理,简称wmax原理。它旨在指导人们获得卓越的综合机械性能,同时通过使用单一指标w来规避双重指标的困境。大量的实验数据分析证明:(1)在特征微观结构dc,micro的关键尺寸上,总是存在最大wmax;(2)w可以有效地指示强度-延展性的协同作用,而wmax与高强度和高延展性相关联,验证了wmax原理的有效性。此外,还研究了通用性、实用性和向下兼容性。dc,micro方法在内部边界周围应变梯度区域的跨度是两倍,这表明具有wmax的微观结构状态是应变梯度最强的临界状态。重要的是,应变梯度理论可以很好地捕捉到w作为微观结构或变形场特征尺寸的函数的改进,从而证实了wmax原理、实验结果和跨尺度连续理论之间的一致性。这一原理从微观结构-w-力学性能关系的角度为先进结构材料开辟了新的设计理念。
Mechanism-based and data-driven approach to developing the constitutive model of viscoelastic elastomers
Zhiqiang Liang, Jianyou Zhou, Jia Pan, Zilin Yan, Zheng Zhong
doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2024.105181
基于力学和数据驱动的粘弹性材料本构模型建立方法
Constitutive modeling of viscoelastic elastomers has been an active field for decades. In this work, we develop a mechanism-based and data-driven method to develop constitutive models of viscoelastic elastomers under large deformation. Based on the theory of finite deformation viscoelasticity, the feature of strain energy density function is utilized when we design the machine learning architecture, which allows for fast generation of qualified artificial data to train artificial neural networks (ANNs). According to the typical microstructures of elastomers, three groups of ANNs are established to determine the strain energy density functions of the hyperelastic and viscous polymer networks, which are further tested by experimental data of our own and those in the literature. The machine learning architecture also allows for flexible expansion of the ANN database to consider newly-developed elastomers. The developed constitutive model of the material automatically satisfies the laws of thermodynamics and can be easily implemented in finite element analysis for more complex structures and loading conditions. The developed numerical and experimental framework provides an efficient paradigm for constitutive modeling of viscoelastic elastomers.
粘弹性弹性体的本构建模是一个活跃的研究领域。在这项工作中,我们开发了一种基于机制和数据驱动的方法来开发大变形下粘弹性弹性体的本构模型。基于有限变形粘弹性理论,在设计机器学习体系结构时,利用应变能密度函数的特征,可以快速生成合格的人工数据来训练人工神经网络(ann)。根据弹性体的典型微观结构,建立了三组人工神经网络,确定了超弹性和粘性聚合物网络的应变能密度函数,并利用自己的实验数据和文献数据对其进行了进一步的验证。机器学习架构还允许灵活扩展人工神经网络数据库,以考虑新开发的弹性体。所建立的材料本构模型自动满足热力学规律,可方便地应用于更复杂结构和载荷条件的有限元分析。所建立的数值和实验框架为粘弹性弹性体的本构建模提供了一种有效的范式。
Structural softening mediated shear bands in high entropy alloys
Tian-Wei Liu, Zhuo Pu, Zeng-Yu Yang, Xu-Ping Zhang, Gui-Ji Wang, Tong Li, Fu-Hua Cao, Shi-Teng Zhao, Yan Chen, Jian Wang, Lan-Hong Dai
doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104154
高熵合金结构软化介导的剪切带
Plastic flow localization is a fundamental and ubiquitous non-equilibrium phenomenon in metallic materials. Despite decades of extensive study, what derives its emergence remains elusive. Here, we tackle this problem in face-centered cubic (fcc) Cantor alloy by the newly developed ramp wave compression technique, which provides a unique quasi-isentropic loading path. By detailed microstructure characterizations, analytical estimation of temperature increment and large-scale atomistic simulations, we conclude that thermal softening is not a prerequisite for shear band formation. Instead, nanotwinning triggers the initial transformation softening which is then accompanied with severe chemical fluctuations and the creation of low-angle dislocation boundaries (LADBs) associated with enhanced local dislocation slips in the adjacent regions. Such LADBs in turn lead to directional softening, acting as the catalytic mediating distortion between neighboring nanotwins. The interconnection between nanotwins and LADBs is thus regarded as structural origin of shear bands, whereas dynamic recrystallization only occurs later during shear band evolution, accelerating strain localization and thickening shear band. These findings shed new lights into fundamental understanding of shear banding and dynamic failure mechanisms in metallic materials.
塑性流动局部化是金属材料中普遍存在的一种基本非平衡现象。尽管进行了数十年的广泛研究,但其产生的原因仍然难以捉摸。本文采用新开发的斜坡波压缩技术解决了面心立方(fcc)康托合金的这一问题,该技术提供了一种独特的准等熵加载路径。通过详细的微观结构表征,温升的分析估计和大规模的原子模拟,我们得出结论,热软化不是剪切带形成的先决条件。相反,纳米孪晶触发了初始的转变软化,随后伴随着严重的化学波动和低角度位错边界(ladb)的产生,并与邻近区域的局部位错滑移增强有关。这些ladb反过来导致定向软化,在相邻纳米孪晶之间起到催化介质扭曲的作用。因此,纳米孪晶与ladb之间的相互连接被认为是剪切带的结构起源,而动态再结晶只发生在剪切带演化的后期,加速了应变局部化和剪切带的加厚。这些发现为理解金属材料的剪切带和动态破坏机制提供了新的思路。
Nonlinear vibration analysis of sandwich plates with inverse-designed 3D auxetic core by deep generative model
Xi Fang, Hui-Shen Shen, Hai Wang
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2024.112599
基于深度生成模型的反设计三维辅助芯夹层板非线性振动分析
Building on a deep generative model (DGM), this paper introduces an innovative sandwich plate structure featuring an inverse-designed auxetic 3D lattice core and conducts a detailed investigation of its nonlinear vibration characteristics and effective Poisson's ratios under various parameter settings. By incorporating a conditional estimator and quality loss evaluation functions, the enhanced conditional generative adversarial networks are capable of designing 3D truss auxetic topologies that achieve customized negative Poisson's ratios without reliance on subjective experience. Additionally, lattice specimens are created using 3D metal printing, and the mechanical properties of these DGM-based 3D auxetic structures are validated through vibration experiments and finite element models. These structures exhibit significantly superior natural frequencies compared to those obtained through conventional topology optimization methods reported in existing literature. The study also explores the impact of different functionally graded configurations, temperature variations, boundary conditions, and dimensional parameters on the natural frequency, nonlinear vibration response, and effective Poisson's ratio of the inverse designed auxetic sandwich plates.
本文在深度生成模型(DGM)的基础上,提出了一种具有反设计三维异形格芯的新型夹层板结构,并对其非线性振动特性和不同参数设置下的有效泊松比进行了详细研究。通过结合条件估计器和质量损失评估函数,增强的条件生成对抗网络能够设计3D桁架辅助拓扑,实现定制的负泊松比,而不依赖于主观经验。此外,利用3D金属打印技术创建了晶格试件,并通过振动实验和有限元模型验证了这些基于dmm的三维增减结构的力学性能。与现有文献中报道的传统拓扑优化方法相比,这些结构具有明显优越的固有频率。研究了不同的功能梯度结构、温度变化、边界条件和尺寸参数对反设计辅助夹层板的固有频率、非线性振动响应和有效泊松比的影响。
Residual behaviour and damage assessment of UHPC-filled double-skin steel tubular columns after lateral impact
Weiqiang Wang, Zhilong Xiong, Yang Yu, Da Chen, Chengqing Wu
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2024.112602
uhpc填充双皮钢管柱侧向冲击后的残余性能及损伤评估
Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)-filled double-skin steel tubular (DST) column has great potential to be used in the protective structures. Although its lateral impact behaviour has been well understood, the residual behaviour after lateral impact remains unexplored. As a result, this study extensively investigated the residual behaviour and damage assessment of UHPC-filled DST columns after lateral impact. Firstly, a set of six DST columns were designed and tested under lateral impact, followed by static axial compression. In addition, two intact columns were subjected to static axial compression for comparative analysis. Secondly, the refined finite element models were developed and validated using the current test data, and the impact resistant mechanism of UHPC-filled DST columns with different impact locations was analysed. Thirdly, the suitability of different damage indexes for the damage assessment of impacted UHPC-filled DST columns was evaluated. Two damage indexes, the ratio of mid-height deflection to column height ( R 1 ), and the ratio of local deflection to the column diameter ( R 2 ), were proposed for the DST columns. Finally, two types of machine learning-based models were developed to predict the impact damage of UHPC-filled DST columns. The prediction models were interpreted locally and globally using the additive feature attribution method Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP). The machine learning-based prediction models can rapidly evaluate the damage extent of impacted UHPC-filled DST column, which hold great significance for the selection of strengthening and retrofitting schemes.
超高性能混凝土(UHPC)填充双皮钢管柱在防护结构中具有很大的应用潜力。虽然它的侧向撞击行为已被很好地理解,但侧向撞击后的残余行为仍未被探索。因此,本研究广泛研究了uhpc填充DST柱侧向冲击后的残余行为和损伤评估。首先设计了一组6根DST柱,并进行了侧向冲击试验,然后进行了静轴压试验。另外,对两根完整柱进行静轴压对比分析。其次,利用现有试验数据建立精细化有限元模型并进行验证,分析不同冲击位置uhpc填充DST柱的抗冲击机理;第三,评价了不同损伤指标对uhpc填充冲击DST柱损伤评价的适用性。提出了中高度挠度与柱高之比(r1)和局部挠度与柱径之比(r2)两个损伤指标。最后,建立了两种基于机器学习的模型来预测uhpc填充DST柱的冲击损伤。采用加性特征归因方法Shapley加性解释(SHAP)对预测模型进行局部和全局解释。基于机器学习的预测模型可以快速评估uhpc填充的DST柱受冲击的损伤程度,这对加固和改造方案的选择具有重要意义。
on the imperfection sensitivity and design of buckling critical wind turbine towers
H.N.R. Wagner, C. Hühne
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2024.112577
风电塔架失稳缺陷敏感性及设计研究
Wind turbine towers pose major challenges for design engineers due to their complex geometry, nonlinear material behavior and imperfection sensitivity. In service, these thin-walled shells are burdened by a combination of complex load cases and prone to buckling. In fact, one of the main design drivers of wind turbine towers is stability failure for which often the design recommendation of the EN-1993-1-6 are used.Recently an international shell buckling exercise was caried out by the team behind the EN-1993-1-6 design standard. Within this exercise 29 teams from academia and industry were asked to perform a series of linear and non-linear finite element simulations of an 8-MW multi-strake steel wind turbine support tower segment. In general, the linear and nonlinear analyzes posed no challenge for the shell buckling experts from around the world. However, the imperfection sensitivity analysis results scattered significantly among the participants. In addition, there was little consensus as to whether the given tower design is actually safe.The authors, whose background is aerospace engineering, participated in this exercise and show in this article how they overcome the challenges of this typical civil engineering problem. Among linear and non-linear analyzes the authors show the results of state-of-the-art shell buckling concepts which were developed for aerospace shells like interstage tanks and adapters but are also applicable to wind turbine towers.
风力发电塔由于其复杂的几何结构、非线性材料性能和不完美的敏感性,给设计工程师带来了巨大的挑战。在使用中,这些薄壁壳体承受着复杂载荷情况的组合,容易发生屈曲。事实上,风力涡轮机塔的主要设计驱动因素之一是稳定性失效,通常使用EN-1993-1-6的设计建议。最近,EN-1993-1-6设计标准背后的团队进行了一次国际壳体屈曲试验。在这次测试中,来自学术界和工业界的29个团队被要求对一个8mw多条钢风力涡轮机支撑塔段进行一系列线性和非线性有限元模拟。一般来说,线性和非线性分析对世界各国的壳体屈曲专家来说都不是什么难题。然而,缺陷敏感性分析结果在参与者中有明显的分散。此外,对于给定的塔楼设计是否真的安全,几乎没有达成共识。作者的背景是航空航天工程,他们参与了这个练习,并在这篇文章中展示了他们如何克服这个典型的土木工程问题的挑战。在线性和非线性分析中,作者展示了最先进的壳体屈曲概念的结果,这些概念是为航空航天壳体(如级间油箱和适配器)开发的,但也适用于风力涡轮机塔。
RFOR-DQHFEM: Hybrid Relaxed First-Order Reliability and Differential Quadrature Hierarchical Finite Element Method for multi-physics reliability analysis of conical shells
M. Furjan, R. Kolahchi, M. Yaylacı
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2024.112583
圆锥壳多物理场可靠性分析的一阶松弛可靠度与微分正交分层有限元混合方法
In this current work, a hybrid reliability analysis and theoretical frequency technique are suggested for the reliability response of conical shells. Two levels of analyses are proposed as the main loop of the reliability method for finding the failure probability and the second level applied in the main loop for giving the performance function of frequency applied in conical shell structures with multi-physics vibration analysis. A dynamical adjusting procedure is proposed for computing the relaxed factor using the enough descent condition inside the reliability method. The superior convergence rate is considered for selecting the relaxed factor of the proposed first-order reliability method named RFORM. An elastic-electro-mechanical model based on the Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT) is extended for frequency analysis of conical shells. The innovative numerical procedure named Differential Quadrature Hierarchical Finite Element Method (DQHFEM) as a robust framework for giving the vibration behavior of studied mechanical structures is applied for solving motion equations. The developing DQHFEM and RFORM are applied for the laminated, nanocomposite, and piezoelectric conical shell structures with multi-source uncertainties. Increasing the volume percentage of nanoparticles from 0% to 10% significantly enhances the reliability index, with carbon nanoparticles showing a 132% increase, silica nanoparticles showing a 97% increase, and other nanoparticles showing an approximate 40% increase. Also, as moisture content increases from 0% to 30%, the reliability index for a thickness-to-large-radius ratio of 0.2 drops by about five times. Excessive moisture levels (above 20%) result in a negative reliability index, indicating a hazardous condition.
本文对锥形壳的可靠性响应提出了一种混合可靠度分析和理论频率技术。提出了两层分析作为可靠性法的主回路,用于求失效概率,二级分析作为主回路,用于给出锥壳结构多物理场振动分析的频率性能函数。提出了一种利用可靠性法中充分下降条件计算松弛因子的动态调整方法。提出的一阶可靠性方法RFORM的松弛因子选取考虑了优越的收敛率。将基于高阶剪切变形理论(HSDT)的弹性机电模型推广到圆锥壳的频率分析中。微分正交层次有限元法(DQHFEM)作为给出所研究机械结构振动特性的鲁棒框架,被应用于求解运动方程。将发展中的DQHFEM和RFORM应用于具有多源不确定性的层合结构、纳米复合结构和压电锥形壳结构。将纳米颗粒的体积百分比从0%增加到10%,显著提高了可靠性指数,其中碳纳米颗粒增加了132%,二氧化硅纳米颗粒增加了97%,其他纳米颗粒增加了约40%。此外,当含水率从0%增加到30%时,厚度与大半径比为0.2时的可靠性指标下降了约5倍。湿度过高(超过20%)会导致可靠性指数为负,表明存在危险情况。