推动跨国合作与经贸往来:如今全球各地的国际交流和贸易愈发频繁,各国为了方便沟通与交易,有必要对计量单位进行统一规定。若未实现单位统一,由于不同国家采用差异化的计量方式,这将可能给双方带来诸多困扰与混乱,严重时甚至会引发误解与经济损伤。
保障测量数据的精确性与通用性:由于各国所用计量单位各异,这可能导致测量数据的精确度与通用性受到影响。因此,我们认为国际统一计量单位的重要性还体现在其能保障测量数据的精确性与通用性。通过国际统一计量单位,各国得以遵循同样的标准与方法进行测量,从而确保测量数据的精确性与通用性,避免因计量单位的差异而产生的误解与损失。
01 国际单位制(SI)
是全球一致认可的测量体系,源自公制或米制,旧称“万国公制”。
它是18世纪末科学家的努力成果,最早于法国大革命时期的1799年被法国作为度量衡单位。国际单位制采用十进制进位系统,并在1960年第十一届国际计量大会上通过,推荐各国采用。其国际简称为SI。
为转换为SI等效值,可采用以下导则
(a) SI units are placed in parentheses after the U.S. Customary units in the text.
(a)在正文中美国习惯单位后面可在括号内放入SI单位;
(b) In general, separate SI tables are provided if interpolation is expected. The table designation (e.g., table number) is the same for both the U.S. Customary and SItables, with the addition of suffix “M” to the designatorfor the SI table, if a separate table is provided. In the text,references to a table use only the primary table number(i.e., without the “M”). For some small tables, where interpolation is not required, SI units are placed in parentheses after the U.S. Customary unit.
(b)一般,如期望进行插补,则提供一个单独的SI单位的表。表的号码,无论是美国习惯单位或SI单位的表都应一样,只是对于SI单位的表在表号后面要加一个后缀字母“M”。在正文中,如引用某一表时,则只采用主表的表号,即不带M后缀的表号。对于一些无须进行内插的小表,则在美国习惯单位的后面将SI单位放在括号里面。
(c) Separate SI versions of graphical information (charts) are provided, except that if both axes are dimensionless, a single figure (chart) is used.
(c)除非纵轴和横轴都是无因次、可采用-个图(线算图)外,都应采用单独的SI版图示数据(线算图)。
(d) In most cases, conversions of units in the text were done using hard SI conversion practices, with some soft conversions on a case‐by‐case basis, as appropriate. This was implemented by rounding the SI values to the number of significant figures of implied precision in the existing U.S. Customary units.
(d)多数情况下,正文中的单位转换都采用SI单位近似转换法(以下将原文的“hardconver-sion”译为“近似转换”,把原文的“sofconversion”译为“精确转换”-校者)。采用精确转换法要视具体情况的需要而定。近似转换的做法是把现行美国习惯单位中的隐含精度转换为SI数值中有效数字的位数。
(e) Minimum thickness and radius values that are expressed in fractions of an inch were generally converted according to the following table:
e)以英寸的分数表示的最小厚度和半径值一般按照下表进行转换:
(f) For nominal sizes that are in even increments of inches, even multiples of 25 mm were generally used. Intermediate values were interpolated rather than converting and rounding to the nearest millimeter. See examples in the following table. [Note that this table does not apply to nominal pipe sizes (NPS), which are covered in (g) below.]
(f)以整数英寸递增的公称尺寸一般是以整数乘25mm换算成SI单位。中间值以插补的方法获得,而不是通过转换再圆整到最接近的毫米数。见下表所示例子。[要注意的是,这个表不适用于公称管尺寸(NPS),后者的换算见下一个表。]
(g)For nominal pipe sizes, the following relationships were used:
(g)公称管尺寸的换算关系见下表:
图文作者:事事顺心
编 辑:君雔传媒